Americans encouraged relatively free and open immigration during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and did not question that policy until the late 1800s. After certain states passed
immigration laws following the Civil War, the Supreme Court in 1875 declared that regulation of immigration is a Federal responsibility.
To standardize naturalization procedures nationwide, the new Naturalization Service (
INS) collected copies of every naturalization record issued by every naturalization court. To prevent fraud, Bureau officials checked immigration records to verify that each applicant for
citizenship had been legally admitted into the United States.