DDR memory
DDR = Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory Double Data Rate. Strictly speaking, should be called DDR DDR SDRAM, it is commonly called DDR, which, SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory is the acronym for synchronous dynamic random access memory. The DDR SDRAM is the abbreviation for Double Data Rate SDRAM is double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory means. DDR SDRAM memory is developed on the basis of memory, and still in use SDRAM production system,
louboutin sale, so for the memory manufacturers, the only common SDRAM devices for manufacturing improved slightly, you can achieve the production of DDR memory, which can effectively reduce costs.
directory
Interpretive One: Introduction to the working principle of memory performance characteristics of DDR memory frequency specifications of what is what is DDR2DDR3 DDR1DDR1 comparison with the DDR2 specification DDR5 Interpretive DDR4DDR4 II: Introduction to the Origin and Development to play Dance Dance Revolution DDR basics Interpretive Act III: Introduction to dial routing example Interpretive four: the abbreviation of the German Democratic Republic paraphrase Five: D2/D3 hybrid motherboard Interpretive VI: Die draw ratio
paraphrase one: Introduction SDRAM memory works once in a single clock cycle data transfer only, it is the rise of the clock for data transmission; and DDR memory is two times the data transfer per clock cycle, it can increase the clock period and decreased The transmission of a data, it is called double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory. DDR SDRAM memory can be the same with the bus frequency to achieve higher data transfer rates. Performance characteristics compared with SDRAM: DDR use of more advanced synchronization circuit, so that the specified address, data, and output of major steps in the delivery of both independent implementation, while maintaining full synchronization with the CPU; DDR using the DLL (Delay Locked Loop, Delay lock loop provides a data strobe signals) technology, when the data are valid, the memory controller can use this data to accurately locate the data strobe signals, output once every 16 times, and re-synchronize the data from different memory modules. DDR essentially can not increase the clock frequency doubling the speed of SDRAM, which allows the rising and falling clock read data, so its double the speed of standard SDRAM. From the shape of the volume on the DDR SDRAM, compared with the difference is not large, they have the same size and same pin distance. But DDR is 184 pin, SDRAM more than 16 pins, including a new main control, clock, power supply and grounding signals. DDR memory is supported by the standard 2.5V voltage SSTL2, rather than using the 3.3V voltage SDRAM LVTTL standard. DDR memory, DDR memory clock frequency can be frequency and equivalent frequency of two ways that the memory frequency is the actual frequency of particles,
christian louboutin sale, but because DDR memory can be both rising and falling edge pulse transmission data, transmitting data equivalent frequency is twice the operating frequency. What is all the old DDR1 sometimes DDR memory technology known as DDR1, DDR2 so with distinction. Although it is generally the use of DDR1 standard DDR-200: DDR-SDRAM memory chips running at 100 MHz DDR-266: DDR-SDRAM memory chips running at 133 MHz DDR-333: DDR-SDRAM memory chips running at 166 MHz DDR-400: DDR- SDRAM memory chips running at 200 MHz (JEDEC DDR set the highest standard) DDR-500: DDR-SDRAM memory chips running at 250 MHz (non-JEDEC DDR specifications set) DDR-600: DDR-SDRAM memory chips at 300 MHz run (non-JEDEC DDR specifications set) DDR-700: DDR-SDRAM memory chips running at 350 MHz (non-JEDEC DDR specifications set)
DDR2.2G
[1] [2] [3 ] What is DDR SDRAM DDR2 DDR2 memory is the second generation of products. It is the basis of DDR memory technology to be improved, so the faster transmission speed (up to 667MHZ), lower power consumption, heat dissipation better. DDR2 (Double Data Rate 2) SDRAM is the JEDEC (Joint Electron Device Engineering Council ) for development of new generation memory technology standard that with the previous generation DDR memory technology standards for the biggest difference is that, although the same is used in the clock rise / fall delay for data transmission while the basic way, but it has twice the DDR2 memory in the pre-read the previous generation DDR memory capacity (ie: 4bit data pre-read). In other words, DDR2 memory to 4 times per clock to the external bus speed of read / write data, and internal control bus can be 4 times the speed. Comparison of DDR3 and DDR2 DDR3 and DDR2 are several major differences: 1. Burst Length (Burst Length, BL) due to DDR3's prefetch 8bit, so the burst transfer cycle (Burst Length, BL) is also fixed at 8 , and for DDR2 and DDR based system early, BL = 4 is also commonly used, DDR3 this adds a 4bit Burst Chop (sudden mutation) model, which consists of a BL = 4 the read operation with a BL = 4 write operations to synthesize a BL = 8 the data burst transmission, when the A12 address line can be controlled by the burst mode. But also pointed out that any sudden interruption in the operation of DDR3 memory will be prohibited, and is not supported, replaced by a more flexible control of burst transfers (such as 4bit burst sequence.) 2. Addressing the timing (Timing) as DDR2 transition from DDR to increase from the same number after the delay period, DDR3 than DDR2, CL cycle also increased. DDR2 the CL range is generally between 2 and 5, and DDR3 is between 5 to 11, and the additional delay (AL) of the design is changed. DDR2 when the AL is 0 to 4 range, but DDR3 when the AL, there are three options, namely, 0, CL-1 and
DDR3
CL-2. In addition, DDR3 were added to the parameters of a timing - to write delay (CWD), this parameter will be based on the specific operating frequency may be.
DDR2 memory frequency
where the frequency of DDR2 table shown at right. 3.DDR3 new reset (Reset) function reset is an important new feature DDR3, and a pin for this purpose. DRAM industry to increase the functional requirements of a long time ago, and now finally implemented on DDR3. This pin, DDR3 will become a simple initialization process. When the Reset command is valid, DDR3 memory will cease all operations, and switch to the least amount of active to save power. During the Reset, DDR3 memory will be closed most of the functionality inherent in all data receiver and transmitter are turned off, all internal procedures for the device will reset, DLL (delay locked loop) and the clock circuit will stop working, and ignore any movement on the data bus. As a result, DDR3 will achieve the most power saving purposes. 4.DDR3 Add ZQ ZQ calibration is also a new pin, then this pin has a low tolerance of 240 ohm reference resistor. This pin is set by a command through the on-chip calibration engine (On-Die Calibration Engine, ODCE) to automatically verify the data output driver on-resistance and the end of ODT resistance. When issuing this command, with the corresponding clock cycle (initialized in the use of power and 512 clock cycles, after exiting the self refresh operation with a 256 clock cycles, in other cases with the 64 clock cycles ) ODT on-resistance and resistance to re-calibration. Reference voltage is divided into two in the DDR3 system memory system is very important for the reference voltage signal VREF will be divided into two signals, is the command and address signals and for data services VREFCA bus service VREFDQ, which will effectively increase system data bus noise level. Point to point connection (Point-to-Point, P2P) which is carried out in order to improve system performance of important changes, DDR3 and DDR2 are also a key difference. In the DDR3 system, a memory controller to deal with only one memory channel, and this can only have one memory channel slot, therefore, the memory controller and DDR3 memory module point to point between (P2P) relationship (single Bank of physical modules), or is the point of double points (Point-to-two-Point, P22P) relationship (two physical Bank of the module), thus greatly reducing the address / command / control and data bus load . In terms of memory modules, similar to the type and DDR2, there are standard DIMM (desktop PC), SO-DIMM/Micro-DIMM (notebook computer), FB-DIMM2 (server) of the points, including second-generation FB- DIMM specification will be used more AMB2 (Advanced Memory Buffer). DDR3 64-bit architecture for the frequency and speed obviously has more advantages, in addition, the DDR3 used automatically according to the temperature self-refresh, self refresh, and other local features, but also excellent in the power consumption is much DDR3 Therefore, it may be the first to be welcomed by mobile devices, like the first to meet the DDR2 memory, but the server is not the same as the desktop. CPU FSB increase in the most rapid area of the desktop PC, DDR3 is also a bright future. Currently Intel is expected to launch in the second quarter of next year, the new chip - Bear Lake (Bear Lake), it will support DDR3 specification, AMD is also expected to support both the K9 DDR2 and DDR3 platforms of two specifications. DDR4 It is reported that the U.S. will soon start JEDEC DDR4 Memory Summit, which also marks the commencement of the work DDR4 standards. This meeting is generally believed that after the new product will be in 3 years or so listed, and this also means that we will be in 2011 when the use of DDR4 memory, the fastest might also advance to the 2010. JEDEC that was held in July in the United States on the memory when the General Assembly MEMCON07SanJose considered DDR4 DDR3 memory to memory as the inheritance of specifications. Use Single-endedSignaling (traditional SE signal) signaling said 64-bit memory module technology will be inherited. However, the DDR4 said to hold the summit, DDR4 memory is not the only Single-endedSignaling way, the General Assembly but also introduced a standard based on the differential signal memory DDR4 memory. DDR4 Memory DDR4 specification will therefore have two specifications. Which use the Single-endedSignaling signal DDR4 memory of its transmission rate has been identified as 1.6 ~ 3.2Gbps, while the differential signal technology, based on the transfer rate will DDR4 memory up to 6.4Gbps. Since both interfaces via a DRAM is basically impossible to achieve, so the DDR4 memory will exist based on the traditional SE signal and the two differential signals of product specifications. According to a number of semiconductor industry related personnel introduction, DDR4 memory will be the Single-endedSignaling (traditional SE signal) mode DifferentialSignaling (differential signal technology) coexist. Mr. AMD's PhilHester which also expressed the confirmation. Expected that the two will introduce a different standard chip products, so we will see DDR4 memory times two incompatible memory products. DDR5 new generation of video memory will be lower energy consumption, and 6 Gbps data transfer per second so far, we only see a handful of graphics cards gddr4 memory, but Samsung has released the next generation of gddr5 memory body, and claimed it had sent samples to the main graphics processor company. Of course, Samsung is not the first company to provide sample gddr5. Hynix Hynix and Qimonda announced a similar two parts, but Samsung's memory has been a step further to provide a data transfer rate 6gb/sec, more than the standard 5gb/sec. Therefore, Samsung bold claim that it's products as body is relatively low power consumption, Samsung claims its memory operations, only 1.5v. Samsung is currently sampling the gddr5 512MB chip (16 MB × 32), mueez Dean, Samsung graphics memory marketing director, said: Expanded eyes to a new level the game. However, we may have to wait for some time, gddr5 become widespread. Samsung estimates that the memory will be in the top product segment in the standard. Interpretive II: Introduction to Dance Dance Revolution DDR Dance Dacne Revolution is the abbreviation of the word, the Chinese word for Dance Dance Revolution. Konami's Dance Dance Revolution pioneered in Japan, the domestic many large video store can see its shadow. Requirements of the electronic dance music out of the game perfect the dance steps, which are mostly familiar with popular music songs. DDR performance to meet the strong desire of young people, and dancing was always enthusiastic about recreational activities for young people, these two factors combined result of ... ... is out of control. DDR game centers will become a great disco trend, over the past few traditional games are played mainly by hand, the whole process is done with their feet, and strive in the game this small space, understand, and in the disco years feel like dancing. ● Origin and Development of Dance Dance Revolution in 1998 and launched in Japan in the summer, when the IT industry in Taiwan Celebrity Hu Longyun game just by the game's production company KONAMI (Konami) invited to Japan. Hu think this game has the potential, while recognizing that if the game really trigger unrest is bound to lead the community to rethink the true meaning of large-scale video game. Based on this, Wu returned to Taiwan that positive contact with the relevant industry --- the introduction of such a large video game Dance Dance Revolution. After a year of hard work, Dance Dance Revolution popular in Taiwan. ● see Taiwan become very popular in the Dance Dance Revolution triggered under the benign effect of the game in order to heat up the shares of some unrest and change the units on the preconceptions arcade impression, KONAMI company held a grand then the world's best hot DDR Fancy Dance Competition. ● 1999 年 4 月, DDR platform migration from the mainframe for the home PS (PlayStation, Sony produced the game) and started after the release version, not just generally fascinated by young people, even many adults are starting to become a show business celebrity DDR super players, such as Jacky Cheung, Jordan Chan, Sandra Ng and so on. ● In Japan, based on the popularity of music games, game development companies to follow suit soon also launch several similar game machines, was caused by the mutual control of the Japanese game industry's plagiarism case. ● One of the benefits of Dance Dance Revolution have also joined the girls, many champions are girls - - Dance Dance Revolution, do not mind the DISCO is moving it? However, the more shy of the players, usually toward the opposite ###### word will blush, how the nerve in a large crowd under the wriggling? Fortunately, Sony will port it to PS, and together with a matching blanket dance, to transfer the home game sites, like how to play on how to play. And the dancing more than a blanket but for weight loss purposes. dance mat market, the price of a linear downward trend. When I was playing on the Dance Dance Revolution can be said that the point of madness often skip class to play Dance Dance Revolution play to play is very simple. the game starts, listening the music, watch the lower right of the screen, will continue to appear up, down, left and right arrow, as long as the arrow over the top of the specified location, the player can use the foot pedal counterparts. For example the arrow to the left, then step on the left pedal , and so on to follow the jump, stepped on the pedal and the arrow tips if not the same as your energy meter (top left of the screen part of the red cells) will decrease when the energy is completely gone when you know you have will hear some very nasty sound. If you entered the command correctly,
christian louboutin shoes, it can be Perfect This game really feels like to dance like that, when you beat the time with the beat to know why so many people so obsessed with this game! Dance Dance Revolution a single play, but also double play, the difficulty can be divided into eight, to suit different levels of players. The simplest, such as with the music Of course, even eight if you are alone, then you may wish to try a number of champions own fancy, such as playing upside down, upside down the whole person, just press the pedal by hand; or play kneeling down, like breakdance, like, use knee hits the ground; do not turn around to playing a person playing step (this step originated in the Kanto): is the focus of the feet or less flexible feet are always stuck in a bird arrows, only more flexible use of the bird foot pedal. Benefits: astonishingly high hit rate, easy to get Combo, but also less physical exertion. drawback: Kansai step (the same token,
christian louboutin pumps, this step originated in the Kansai): the output is in the way when there remain in the center of one foot, using small jumps to increase sense of rhythm dance. Advantages: slow rhythm when the music can maintain a strong sense of rhythm and a high hit rate, dancing seems to have quite a youthful air. Disadvantages: continuous small jumps to spend a lot of strength, but when the arrow is easy consecutive errors. Free Step: steps without some rules, in full accordance with their wishes to be. Advantages: close to the true meaning of the In addition, the location of offal is not good action selection may be more scattered, with consequences ranging from attracting the audience's hooting, seriously, carefully head flying projectile. Cross walk: basically the improved, the method is complete step on the arrow stops at the feet of the arrow just on one foot with another arrow to the next, and so the cycle continues (for feet,
red sole shoes, when the key is to choose a good location.) Advantages: cool step, in some large centers in the game most players use this step; because this method is very real jump feeling, at the same time to save energy (if the skilled, the hit rate is not bad.) Disadvantages: is the phrase: Interpretive III: Dial Routing Overview dial-on-demand routing (DDR) dial-on demand routing (ddr) is to use the public telephone network to provide a network connection. Normally, most use leased line wide area network, the router is connected to a similar MODEM OR ISDNTAS DCE data terminal equipment, they support synchronous V.25BITS agreement, you can use SCRIPTS AND DIALER command set dial string. Comparing DDR data rate for less demanding users,
cheap christian louboutin, occasional or only in specific data when transferring data such as bank statements, etc. to send the case every night. When a packet arrives at router of interest to generate a DDR request, the router sends a call setup message to the specified serial DCE device, the call to put the local and remote devices to connect together, if there is no data transfer, idle time began to write , more than the record set during the time the connection is terminated. DDR now transfer data using static routing to avoid the DDR caused by dial-up routing and switching. XNS can be routed through the DDR and addressing, synchronous serial, asynchronous serial and ISDN ports can be configured to one or more destinations DDR connection. The following is a typical example of the DDR connection: DDR process in the configuration, we can configure one or more physical ports into one logical dial interface, he can be a synchronous V.25 mode, synchronous or asynchronous CHATSCRIPT DYR start dial-up mode in the port configuration mode: a port in the activation of DIAL-ON-DEMAND ROUTING command: dialer in-band dial-up access to specify a port group: dialer-group group-number to specify a single phone number: dialer string dialer-string break before the unprecedented waiting Time: dialer idle-time seconds to define one or more destination telephone number table: dialer map protocol net-hop-addre Interpretive four: the abbreviation of the German Democratic Republic Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR (former) German Democratic Republic (1949 -1990 years) (German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, DDR), referred to as the (former) East Germany or the (former) East Germany, is between 1949 to 1990, found in eastern Germany today, the socialist countries into Germany in 1990 Federal Republic (West Germany). Interpretive Five: D2/D3 D2/D3 cross the so-called hybrid motherboard motherboard, there are also claims that COMBO motherboard, be traced back to the early PC era, commonly known as multi-function card (Super I / O card) is a widely used type COMBO interface card, and then 486 times renowned on Octek (Ocean) provided to the display based on VL-bus + Super I / O of the COMBO-type expansion card, you can take to achieve a VL 2D graphics card slot, IDE interface, , FDD port, serial port and parallel port, or even a joystick interface, and many other features, was very popular. Also, there was a lot of the sound card and modem integrated manufacturing on a PCB, so with the sound card / Modem combo expansion card, in the Pentium era get a lot of applications, and even appeared in a sound card / Modem / LAN III One, Modem / NIC Combo COMBO form of expansion cards, and later still use PCMCIA Interface for mobile computers. The word was so COMBO loudest, is used in the optical storage industry, with high-capacity DVD also launched, and the need DVD-ROM drives and CD-R / W burner more and more users, so the CD -R / W and DVD Combo COMBO drive also started to enter the application stage, and is SONY first implemented in some of his high-end laptop computer equipped with this COMBO drive, which has also been a number of optical storage equipment manufacturers agree, which is popular for a long period of time COMBO drive, Chinese name called COMBO is a combination of the English literal translation or meaning of the Commonwealth, then the support COMBO products, but also signifying a multi-functional, the so-called hybrid motherboard motherboard, that has a multi-functional motherboard, once had to support different processor interfaces motherboard, such as the ASRock P4 Combo [quote parameter image] unique dual-CPU motherboard slot, in addition to the full range of Socket478 processor support, also provides for Intel LGA 775 processors. But in the current market, we all know, now commonly known as hybrid motherboard motherboard, in this moving from DDR2 to DDR3 memory and the process of transforming universal, referring to both support DDR2 memory, the motherboard can support DDR3 memory. [4] Interpretive VI: Die stretch than the draw ratio: mold out of the ring layer of the ring area and the product ratio of the area; tensile equilibrium coefficient (a name with mode coefficients): K = (die sets diameter / sheath or insulation OD) / (mold core diameter / outer diameter of the cable core or conductor) calculated according to the choice of mold can be drawn from three cases: K> 1 as tight package called balanced tension K = 1 K <1 known as the Pine package for a typical entry-mode squeeze tubes for more Atlas Atlas Reference 1
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What is a hybrid board
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