从“照相”到“摄影”有多远

[kodybyan64ap]

　　
　　
　　
　　照相人人都会，但“照”成摄影作品，却不简单。领有什么样的数码相机？怎么拍出一张“好看又会说话的照 片”？
　　【戴占军】：我先提三个问题：第一个问题，你会照相吗？提这个问题就很傻，仿佛人人都会照相。第二个问 题，你会摄影吗？可能有一些朋友有些迷惑。第三个问题，我们想解决什么问题？就是我们使用消费级的设备，如 何让照片拍出摄影的味道。就是我们手持消费级的机器，如何把照片拍好，拍出摄影的味道。
　　好照片所具备的根本要素
　　我们为所谓的一张好照片，或者说具备一点摄影因素的照片，进行一个总结。第一，清晰是基础。拍不清晰一 切全都不要说。第二，主体要突出。相机镜头它的角再大也是有限的，必需了解你拍摄的主体是什么。主体往往是 主题所见，当然主体和主题不是一回事儿，但是主体往往承载着一张照片主题最重要的信息。第三，曝光要精确， 当然做到理想更好。准确的曝光和理想的曝光不是一个概念。第四，操机要熟巧。第五，角度要离奇，构图要讲究 ，信息要正确。第六，近些再近些。就是我们要尽量让我们的相机，让我们的机位贴近被摄主体。第七，设备挺要 紧。有人说你不是讲低端数码拍出好照片吗？那设备是不是没关系？非也。什么样的兵器打什么样的仗，什么样的 设备拍什么样的片子，所以设备还是很要紧的。最后，创意最重要。
　　照片与摄影作品的差距
　　照片与摄影作品的差距到底表现在哪里？我认为要辩证的看，首先说两者相去甚远。作为一张数码照片是应用 数码相机随便获得并通过数码技术容易读取的影像。而一张数码摄影作品是运用数码相机诸功能元素进行平面造型 的创作，并运用相应的数码技术读取的光影艺术品。二者显著差距有很多，我们可以列举一些。首先是数码相机的 功能。你没有这个功能，达不成这样一种影像的要素素质，你也不可能拍出相应的作品。第二，运用数码相机的能 力。我们现在每人都有一个小卡片机，或者是有一台消费级的单反，但实际上很多朋友对相机的开发是异常有限的 ，也就是你开发你相机的能力有限。第三，它采用了不同的读取技术门路。第四，人不能而我能。说来说去一张好 照片就是人家拍着了你拍不着，或者是人家在普通的天然界社会里看出了不普通，拍出了不普通。你的眼睛只看到 所有人都看到的东西，人家看到或拍到你应该看到而没有看到的东西。第五，影像与光影艺术的基本 之别。
　　是不是两者就横着一条不可超越的鸿沟呢？辩证的看，可以说两者相距很近。首先照相与摄影二者固然有显明 差距，但是本质却是相通的，他们都是根据光的原理和原理雷同的技术设备生成的平面固化影像。摄影作品说穿了 就是一张好照片，没那么邪乎。拍摄一张摄影作品是无比辛劳的事件，但还没有到我们不可以效仿，不可以学习， 或不可以感知它这个水平。它说穿了也就是一张好照片。因此我们也可以说,monster beats headphones，一张公认的好照片，一定是具备了成为摄影作品的基本。
　　为什么要辩证的看远近？首先就是我们要找到从照相走向摄影的差异在哪里。其次是动摇我们的信念，我们手 持一般的卡片机，手持花费级的单反机，我们一样可以拍出摄影的滋味。可能在画质上达不到多少十万装备的程度 ，但是我们普通的应用应当是足够的。摄影是实际的艺术，是通过学习每个人都能够控制的艺术，也是考验一个人 综合才能和素质的艺术,monster beats。学习摄影实际工夫在诗外。
　　认识你的相机
　　一些摄影人说技巧依然是门槛，全自动就拍不出好东西，这是常常我们碰到一些专业摄影人给我们讲的。但是 不一定的。破机器、全自动拍摄不必定拍不出好货色来。又有很多摄影爱好者说当初的数码相机灵能化水平已经很 高了，全自动已经可以解决大局部拍摄问题，言下之意是我们不必学了，这个也错误的。参数调剂当前拍出的照片 ，在光感、质感、光影上有不同，所以全自动并不能解决所有问题，因此学习仍是很有必要的。
　　要懂得相机，你不了解你的相机即是是相机在把持你，不是你在节制相机。谁是最好的老师？就是你的说明书 ！许多友人提出一些问题，我说你的解释书上都有啊，为什么不看仿单呢？就不好难看，就认为它是一台电视一样 拿来就用,polo shirts for women。实在良多拍摄的问题，机器操作的问题在说明书里都有解答，当然有的语焉不详就要向专家求教。所以提议大家 回去把你的相机阐明书当作最好的老师。我们要超出傻瓜拍摄和一P到底的拍摄模式，丰盛你的拍摄 模式。
　　全自动拍摄,mens asics，相机完全控制你。P档拍摄，也就是程序自动曝光拍摄，是相机在部分控制你。我们要想措施学会手动曝光，不 能有畏难情绪。现在相机操作已经很容易了，手动曝光是很容易学的。很多朋友不能达成理想的曝光，主要就是不 会手动曝光，所以建议大家能够学会它。如果你不会手动曝光也没有关系，你不妨使用程序自动曝光的其余模式， 比如快门优先和光圈优先。或者有个适度，怕出去拍不好，先拿手动拍，拍完用P档拍，拍完之后再尝尝光圈优先 或快门优先。
　　快门优先。当快门速度决议照片表示力的时候，这时候咱们通常会选定快门优先，它常用于对动态事物的拍摄 。当你采取快门优先的时候，你设计快门，相机遇主动天生一个光圈值匹配你的快门速度，从而取得比拟正确的曝 光。大家晓得曝光实际上就是快门与光圈的互益。虚化流水再快不能高于1/40秒，拍摄飞鸟个别速度不要低于1/400秒。
　　光圈优先。当光圈大小决定照片表现力的时候，我们通常会选定光圈优先，一般利用于对景深不同的需求。什 么是景深？我们在对焦的时候，除了焦点清晰之外，在焦点的前后还有一部分影象是清晰的，缭绕焦点前后的成像 清晰的范畴被称为景深，焦点到后边的景物清晰度叫后景深，焦点向前边清晰规模叫前景深。后景深永弘远于远景 深，这是因为镜头出镜的原理决定的。景深和光圈、间隔、焦距三者有很密切的关系。
　　最有用的相机设定方式
　　我再讲几个最有用的相机设定，感光度，白平衡，测光模式的取舍，还有照片作风的设定，相机参数的调整， 对焦模式，还有文件的记载。
　　对于照片记录格式的挑选。大家最常用的是JPG模式，占的空间很小，JPG在拍摄的时候就经由了紧缩， 因此影象很难生成大画质的影象，我们要放大的时候就比较艰苦，所以专业的影人很少能见到使用JPG格式记载 。当我们拍一副作品的时候，一定要用RAW格式，不要使用JPG格式。
　　第二是感光度。ISO感光度是胶片时期胶片的光芒敏感度的国际尺度划定。数码相机是模拟并借用这一律念 ，设置了相似的功效，像CCD等感光元件来代表它光感的灵敏度，大抵与传统胶片等效，但并不能到达完整等效 。当感光度数值越高的时候，我们能在暗光下获得很清楚的影象，但噪点也会连续加大。因而我们在用数码拍摄的 时候，正常掌握在200以下，很多摄影家都会告知你要控制在一百以下。可能低感拍摄毫不要高感拍摄，高感拍 摄放在电脑上看还行，但一旦放大到海报这么大的时候就没法看了。
　　第三，讲一下白平衡的设定。白平衡和色温关系亲密，所谓调整白平衡其实就是调整色温。色温是权衡光色的 通用指标，它是以多少K标定的。相机有各种白平衡模式，恰是以色温为指标设定的，它用于实现相机与被摄对象 色温的一致或近似，从而获得准确的色彩还原。自动白平衡可以知足大部门情况下色彩还原的基础需要。有一句话 叫摄影家眼里没有色彩，只有色调。色调是一张照片的基调，它跟色彩是两个概念，比方我们照片偏红一点，偏蓝 一点，偏黄一点，偏冷一点，偏暖一点等等。照片的色调的生成和白平衡的使用有很大关系。我们一些朋友比较怠 惰，把照片往自动白平衡一搁，不论什么光源都用自动白平衡，其实有时候很难还原出正确的色彩。
　　在弱光下拍摄的时候，现有相机原设定的几种白平衡模式，都难以满意须要。这时候以使用色温为准，对K值 做出调整。讲一点小诀窍，在夕照下拍摄人物、静物、风光时，自动白平衡拍出的照片会偏黄、偏灰。使用日光白 平衡会偏蓝、偏红一点，颜色饱和度也会相应更高一些。当然使用哪种白平衡跟你的创作用意有很大关联。在日光 下，特别是在侧光和侧逆光下要凸起拍摄白色，更实用于使用日光白平衡。
　　在比较明媚的阳光下拍摄景致，如果愿望调子暖一些，使用自动白均衡，如果盼望调子冷一些，使用日光白平 衡，拍出的照片偏蓝一点，特别合适表现碧海蓝天。
　　特别是拍摄云霞、日出、日落，建议大家多使用白平衡，使用不同的白平衡模式，在光色上有一些差异。和它 相干的就是拍摄云彩的时候，很多朋友一般还是把相机的模式，就是风格模式设定在风光的格局下。我建议大家设 定在标准模式下，由于如果你要表白云的档次，云丝的细腻，在标准模式下才更容易生成。
　　在人造光源下，要对应使用。好比现在光是钨丝灯或白炽灯，要对应使用白炽灯的模式。当然在光源庞杂模式 下，用自动的也会生成不错的影像。使用什么白平衡，和你对比片色调的要求有很大关系。过错的白平衡可以使照 片发生奇怪的色彩，在寻求某些特特效果的时候，不妨一误再误。
　　不同测光模式下有它的差异，我们的相机一般给出三种到四种测光模式，评估测光，中心重点均匀测光，点测 光和部分测光。很多摄影人也讲不明白这几种侧光模式是怎么回事儿。简单说就是它测光的光区和反应区，它的大 小面积是不一样的，电脑生成的数值是不一样的。
　　简略讲一下曝光锁的使用。曝光锁是十分有用的安装。我们在取景框里，因为事物成光不同，事物反射光不同 ，它对光感的要求是不一样的。所谓幻想的曝光，就是我们在创作的时候，我们对于光感的请求，光线的要求。这 时候曝光锁就很主要。大家知道，相机在很大的情形下，如果你是原场设定，就是我们的焦点是和测光点在一起的 。
　　拍一张好看又会说话的照片
　　在我看来，好照片也好，摄影作品也好，没什么悬的，就是它要看上去美，它要看上去好看。第二，照片会说 话，它的影象、语言可以达成创作者的意图。这样一种说法主要包括两个方面。所谓好看是指形式美，合乎摄影艺 术审美的一般法则。在我看来好看有六大标准：第一清晰锋利，第二曝光理想，第三色彩准确，第四色调怡人，第 五色彩准确，第六层次丰硕。会说话主要是内容美，就是用影象语言抒发你的意图和思想感情。美在于发现、期待 和捕获。美的客观存在只有被发现并被主观表现的时候才存在审美的意思。美在于突破常规视角，形式美有时候也 是内容美。一定关凝视角，反映了你看问题的态度、观点和立场。美在于主题创意，任何艺术品都有一定的主观意 图或者是都具备被人理解的内涵，摄影也不例外。
　　发现、期待、捕获。眼力决定镜头的取舍，也就是我们镜头的理想是什么样子的。期待是你对理想的追乞降盼 望。捉拿是理想的瞬间实现。
　　摄影讲求地利、天时、人和，要害是心有等待、腿脚勤快。
　　打破常规的视角。艺术实质在于创新，包含理念的创新，技法的立异，主题的创新等，对普通喜好者来说，我 们选取新的角度，攻破惯例看事物是使创新成为可能的重要道路。技法创新谈何轻易，理念翻新谈何容易？但我们 在主题上创新是可以的。冲破常规的视角让我们从新懂得事物或者赋予事物新的内涵。视角和视域的抉择，实际上 是捕获事物自身的门路，就是要用影像语言转达事物的特质和摄影者对事物的认知。
　　突破常规看事物。尤其适用于为大家熟知或大家都拍摄过的题材。
　　对创意的理解。创意是脑筋的激荡，创意就是要把锅底砸破，创意就是重新认识事物的方式和手腕。创意的本 质属性艰深理解就是打破常规，换一个角度思考问题，解决问题，在司空见惯中发明新鲜独特，摄影是创新的艺术 ，这种创新更多体现在创意上，即你创造主体和传递主题的创新性和意识和办法。风光摄影的创意往往是通过奇特 的视角，霎时的掌握，有意识的取舍，非同寻常的构图，赋予景物强烈的主观意识等等方法实现的。对于业余玩家 来说，创意是我们打拼专业摄影人的利器。钱咱拼不外人家，技法咱拼不过人家，人家能走到的处所你走不到，人 家有时间你没时光，我们还能拼什么？拼情绪。赋予我们的照片感情，赋予我们照片新的主题。
　　拍摄创意的重要性
　　要有照片的创意，首先要意识理解你所拍摄的对象。大家时常出去摄影有的时候是跟摄影团队，有的时候是本 人在户外。我给大家建议，假如大家去拍电影，一定要对你的拍摄地有所筹备，有所常识的了解，知识的贮备，我 不信任你一点不了解它，蒙能蒙出好照片来。偶然可以，一定要先对你的拍摄地有所了解，才有可能生成好的影像 。
　　多一分探寻，多一分创意。可能你的拍摄地是司空见惯的，甚至有些讨厌的，需要生出新的感觉 和创意思想。
　　多一分想象，多一分创意。想象力是意识的灵魂，想象无极限是艺术创造无穷的空间，面对大家熟习的景物， 如果你开展设想的翅膀，照片的主题和表现力就会给人非同寻常的感触。想象力往往是通过象征伎俩实现的，象征 不仅可以传达形象的思维、意识和情感，甚至可以使画面语言转化成性命的形象，让我们在视觉当中凝听音乐的交 响。
　　多一分借喻，多一分创意。借喻类似于比喻但是不同于比方，它是以喻体取代本体。在摄影创意和很多艺术情 势中，借喻被常常应用，从而加强艺术的魅力和形象性。
　　多一分象形，多一分创意。象形在做作界是以形象的实体方法存在的，然而你要发明它要恰当的角度才干失掉 。实际上我们讲创意也就是找角度，找到适合的角度时候，创意是天然生成的。讲角度，讲创意，实际上我以为大 家要记住一条，就是我们要构成差异化的视角，只要有差异化的视角，我们就能生成比较特殊的影像。什么意思呢 ？大家都在平视事物的，我们相机哪怕只有放低一点或者放高一点，都会造成跟平视不同的差别化视角，所以我倡 议在大家拍摄景色也好，拍摄风物也好，拍摄鸟也好，尽量防止平视。
　　多一分期待，多一分创意。这张照片发表之后他们都说我造假，实际上它是三架飞机，一架飞机在高空飞，一 架在中高空飞，这是一架低空飞机，我感到它很好玩，就等着它，走到这个地位按下快门形成了一张很好玩的照片 。所以多一点等候的时候，可能会生成一些不错的影像。
　　多一分弯曲，多一分创意。风光也好，旅行摄影也好，画面美不是独一目标，传递你的主意，你的思惟情感， 或是如人所说提出问题，可以提出这样的问题往往比单纯美更能感动人，在这个时候用崎岖表现你的创意，会获得 比较好的艺术后果。所谓曲折就是用照片的元素、包括影象、构图、题目等等调动读者的想象力，参加到从视觉到 心理的审美进程当中。这些照片都使用了一些古人文法的波折法，虽说好的照片自己会谈话，但标题还是创意的一 个部分。
　　总结一下我的摄影观。照相与摄影，人头比镜头更重要，图的是乐趣，玩的是情感，比的是目光，拼的是头脑 。技能方面很重要，但最好的技巧是让人感觉到所有应该感到到的所有，却唯独感觉不到技巧的存在 。
　　《中国国度地舆大讲堂》戴占军（有删省）

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Buddha said. The Twenty difficult. Poverty, giving difficult. Ho hard you studied with. Abandoned life will be dead. Dedu Buddhist difficult. Buddha World Health values ​​difficult. For color tolerance tolerance difficult. See it really hard to find. Piru not anger difficult. Pro powerful is not difficult. Inadvertently touch something hard. Bo wide study hard to learn. I cut off slow difficult. Does not light have not studied hard. Center line of equality difficult. Not to say critics. Will be good mentor difficult. See ######uality Road difficult. As of saving people difficult. Difficult to see the fixed environment. Benevolent easy to difficult.



Asked how difficult it? Difficult, is not easy. Easy not difficult; not easy to do is difficult, it is not easy to do, which is inverse, the so-called adversity, it is not easy to understand, not easy to know; this easy is the cis, cis is the person feel good. Then this twenty difficult, is not easy to do.

The first is the Yes, with a little about what has not; if you do not, and can give, that is the real giving. Because you can do the so-called failed to do, this is true; only do the things you can do it, that everyone can do. Everyone can do it, you do, it is no surprise; everyone can not do, you can do it, which is contrary to the class, drawing by his extract, than all the people. Contrary to the class, pull out almost its extraction, that is, and is generally different.

talked about giving hard poverty, we can say that a legal case. When the Buddha BUDDHASTAY, so one of the most poor, he poor, but he also had a wife to the couple. But the couple's life is very difficult,Monster Beats Headphones, and only then a small broken house to live, but no food, no clothes to wear, so poor like this, had to beg every day, into the street and people should eat. To eat, this is not a difficult thing, the difficulty is the couple have nothing to wear only one pair of pants. Two people wear a pair of pants, you say this how to wear a pair of pants it? Can only take turns to wear. How to wear it? For example, the husband went out today beggars to go begging to wear these pants, get back to the rice, a couple minutes to eat. Tomorrow is the wife to go out begging, but also wear these pants. The man in the house wearing no pants, this person will have to go out begging to wear pants, to come back the rice, or two minutes to eat. Like this so-so,monster pro headphones, so every day living will, you see! Too poor this way, can be said that the poorest people.

at this time, there is a pratyekabuddhas, a Su Mingtong pratyekabuddhas discussed before, and he observed: the two men being unwilling to do the Sushi giving, so this life to such a poor, poor Two people had to wear a pair of pants. This pratyekabuddhas like a monk, standing in that place, holding the alms bowl, the couple looked, there was a monk come to beg alms, and his family nothing, ah! Diet did not, no clothes, only a pair of pants, which the husband to his wife, said: be like this, we should be giving. Give it to the monks. What can people begging it again? the only pair of pants to wear in turn, can go out begging; If the pants gave away, how do we go then? It was not easy, but we no matter their own lives, giving trousers to the monks, the two of us do not go out to starve to death here forget, also Guannameduo doing? You see, that monks do not go here . , this monk is a fruit pratyekabuddhas card he received these pants, you go to that place of Sakyamuni Buddha, Sakyamuni Buddha was removed support, said: came a pair of pants, these pants are the property of his family, but he is giving to me. Accepted, to tell people that: blessing. eat, did not even have to wear clothes, people eat their own so well in the palace, dressed are so good, how it can be doing a disservice to the people? families to get rice, noodles to send, send food, send clothes, get a lot. The two couples get immediate retribution, and before giving a pair of pants, and now have it all. They'll have to Xianfo, the Buddha say to them, a statement that the two certificates to the initial results instantly.

So poor Busch difficult. You're in trouble, if more can give, this is truly giving heart; harder the more you can do, this valuable. If we can not be scolded, if people criticize us, we can be, this is a virtue; people can not be beaten, if someone hit you, you can accept, to understand: eliminate karma, make me a sea of ​​troubles, this is the most rare good mentor. Do not listen to people praise you gave, just like the candy-like children, was very happy; people slander soon to bitter than eating in silence, do not like this.

Buddha twenty-hard, life is more than twenty difficult, it may more difficult, difficult thing to, you can take it very easy to handle, it is understood the Dharma.

Both forces have the money, of course, life is very stable, unlike the couple had just said, only one pair of pants, then kind of frustrated. Hao your clothes a lot of people, a lot of money can be used, and there are many noble relatives, there are many respectable friends. At this time, you teach him practice hard, learn in a monk, it is not easy. Why? All in all he is satisfied, everything felt very happy, what are free. The house like a palace, as are most people eat the most expensive to eat vain, the most valuable thing, so you want him to cultivate, it is not easy.

Sometimes people seem to want to commit suicide, sleeping pills,Dre Beats Headphones, and eat less, and he came back to life, this is the wish not to life, but would not necessarily die. If you want to life to be dead, then it is easy!

have a saying, you life will not, of course, will die; even if you want life, a variety of ways to protect, teach it must die, this is impossible. Everyone will die, no one is ever immortal, immortality. There is no such thing, so that victims will give up life.

I now see the bloom Shouchi willing to solutions as good as coming true meaning. It is not easy to hear of the Buddhist Moreover, our personal is not easy to come by. Have a personal life, but also encountered a Buddhist, but also heard people talk about Buddhism, it is not easy, this is before you to kind of limitless robbed a big good roots.

Although the Buddha Mieduo, but there is Buddhism, but also Buddhism, but also practice, it is very lucky.

Usually the case because most people are this physiological, men and women to get married, it could not help the. If you can we resist, may be able to color, tolerance desire, on the state of mood, ability to have tolerance, which is not easy. You stand to bear to help it to reversed; bear to bear to not help, but also reversed, so that the color tolerance, forbearance For it is not easy.

Everyone is well renowned for corruption, so see it really greed, which is not easy.

Insult is unkind to you, for you are very bad, this time you do not hatred, and my heart can be like that thing did not like, it is not easy. Is not easy, if you can do that from people, that is coming.

Seems that an official, he should kill to kill, called Reliance potential bully. Others did not break the law,bose headphones, he used his influence to kill the man, called a trend. Pro, that is, other people who come to. Have such power to arbitrarily kill, is called a powerful Pro. Not temporary, that is not relied on the power to oppress the people. Although power, or respect for people and should not be murder, casual bullying, called a potential is not temporary, this is not easy. Though not easy, but if you can do that, this is the best.

Things come, it does not matter, revel treatment; things go, but it does not matter. Is something to it should, do to the quiet, called mood, no attachments, no delusions heart.





If you despise him, then called despise not learn. Of people who do not understand Buddhism, you should use all sorts of convenient methods to teach and he should not despise him, he can not be ignored, not on his very blunt. In Buddhism, there are these four non-suddenly, the Buddha often said so. What are the four should not be ignored it?

(a) small fire can not be ignored. Is for a small fire, you can not slack, we can not, although a small fire, you have to pay great attention to it, because as you pay attention, it took everything burned to the ground.

(b) can not be ignored small dragon. Long, though small, you can not ignore it,monster beats, because the dragon can be little or big, it has supernatural powers to change.

(c) can not be ignored small prince. Prince Prince is the king, although he is small, but you can not ignore him because he is doing in the future emperor.

(d) can not be ignored Salmonella small. Salmonella, although small, you can not ignore him, because he can become a Buddha in the future.

light is not therefore not science, that is for people who have not studied Buddhism, you can not despise him, not look down on him. It is not light without science is difficult.



I have a disciple, said he did not become a monk before, they will not talk about right and wrong. So after a monk, but learn to say here. But he also consciousness very quickly, so now I believe he will not talk about right and wrong has.

You can meet friendly knowledge, this is not easy. School Road,Beats Headphones, that everyone you see ah! Mostly encountered in the eight-coated paste. Good mentor that he did not confused, do not teach you go the wrong way to go. Monasticism, the people must listen to the words of good mentor; do not listen to good mentor, then, in the fruit before you have no evidence to believe in yourself, any of its own, it does not work, will eventually fall, the demons will eventually move. They must be close to good mentor, listen to good mentor for the doctrine, it would be good mentor is hard to say.