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Old 05-28-2011, 11:31 AM   #1
kiter456
 
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Default Cheap Windows 7 Enterprise Memristor found HP Lab

-->
Demystifying the memristor: Proof of fourth basic circuit factor could transform computing
--> » HP Labs
» UPDATE:
Memristor FAQ added » Read the abstract Proving memristor in the lab
Williams and co-authors Dmitri B. Strukov, Gregory S. Snider and Duncan R. Stewart were able to formulate a physics-based model of a memristor and build nanoscale devices in their lab that demonstrate all of the necessary operating characteristics to prove that the memristor was real.

"This is an amazing development," Chua says. "It took someone like Stan Williams with a multi-disciplinary background and deep insights to conceive of such a tiny memristor only a few atoms in thickness."

Williams has a background in physical chemistry. Strukov is a theoretical physicist,Cheap Windows 7 Enterprise, Snider is a computer architect and Stewart is an experimental physicist.

Possible replacement for D-RAM
By providing a mathematical model for the physics of a memristor, the team makes possible for engineers to develop integrated circuit designs that take advantage of its ability to retain information.

"This opens up a whole new door in thinking about how chips could be designed and operated,Windows 7 Ultimate Key," Williams says.

Engineers could, for example, develop a new kind of computer memory that would supplement and eventually replace today's commonly used dynamic random access memory (D-RAM). Computers using conventional D-RAM lack the ability to retain information once they are turned off. When power is restored to a D-RAM-based computer, a slow, energy-consuming "boot-up" process is necessary to retrieve data stored on a magnetic disk required to run the system.

Memristor-based computers wouldn't require that process, using less power and possibly increasing system resiliency and reliability. Chua believes the memristor could have applications for computing,Office Standard Product Key, cell phones, video games - anything that requires a lot of memory without a lot of battery-power drain.

Brain-like systems?
As for the human brain-like characteristics, memristor technology could one day lead to computer systems that can remember and associate patterns in a way similar to how people do.

This could be used to substantially improve facial recognition technology or to provide more complex biometric recognition systems that could more effectively restrict access to personal information.

These same pattern-matching capabilities could enable appliances that learn from experience and computers that can make decisions.

Nanoscale electronics experience
In the memristor work,Office 2010 Key Sale, the researchers built on their extensive experience - Williams founded the precursor lab to IQSL in 1995 - in building and studying nanoscale electronics and architectures.

One goal of this work has been to move computing beyond the physical and fiscal limits of conventional silicon chips. For decades,Windows 7 Starter Key, increases in chip performance have come about largely by putting more and more transistors on a circuit. Higher densities, however, increase the problems of heat generation and defects and affect the fundamental physics of the devices.

"Instead of increasing the number of transistors on a circuit, we could create a hybrid circuit with fewer transistors but the addition of memristors - and more functionality," Williams says. Alternately, memristor technologies could enable more energy-efficient high-density circuits.

In 2007, the team developed an architecture for such a hybrid chip using conventional CMOS technology and nanoscale switching devices.

"What we now know," Williams says, "is that these switches have a name - memristor."

UPDATE: This story has received a record number of reader comments and questions. To help answer some of them, I've collected more information from the researchers and posted it in my blog, along with some links to other sources on this topic.
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Old 05-28-2011, 11:35 AM   #2
djd1mfng
 
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Default

中秋节又称月夕、秋节、仲秋节、八月节、八月会、追月节、玩月节、拜月节、女儿节或团圆节,是风行于全国众 多民族中的传统文明节日,时在农历八月十五;因其恰值三秋之半,故名。据说此夜月球距地球最近,月亮最大显 圆最亮,所以从古至今都有饮宴赏月的习俗;回外家的媳妇是日必返夫家,以寓美满、吉庆之意。也有些处所将中 秋节定在八月十六,如宁波、台州、舟山,这与方国珍盘踞温、台、明三州时,为防备元朝官兵和朱元田的袭击而 改“正月十四为元宵、八月十六为中秋”有关。此外在香港,过了中秋兴犹未尽,还要在十六夜再狂欢一次.名为 “追月”。

中秋来源

中秋节是远古天象崇敬――敬月习俗的遗痕。据《周礼・春官》记载,周代已有“中秋夜迎寒”、“中秋献良裘” 、“秋分夕月(拜月)”的活动;汉代,又在中秋或立秋之日敬老、养老,赐以雄粗饼。晋时亦有中秋赏月之举, 不外不太广泛;直到唐代将中秋与储娥奔月、吴刚伐桂、玉兔捣药、杨贵妃变月神、唐明皇游月宫等神话故事联合 起,使之充斥浪漫颜色,玩月之风刚才大兴。
北宋,正式定八月十五为中秋节,并呈现“小饼如嚼月,bryant shoes sale,中有酥和饴”的节令食品。孟元老《东京梦华录》说:“中秋夜,贵家结饰台榭,民间争占酒楼玩 月”,kobe shoes;而且“弦重鼎沸,近内延居民,深夜逢闻笙芋之声,宛如云外。间里儿童,连宵婚戏;夜市骈阗,至于精通。” 吴自牧《梦梁录》说:“此际金凤荐爽,玉露生凉,丹桂香飘,银蟾光满。贵族子弟,富家巨室,莫不登危楼,临 轩玩月,或开广榭,玳筵列举,琴瑟铿锵,酌酒高歌,以卜竟夕之欢。至如铺席之家,亦登小小月台,部署家宴, 团围子女,以酬佳节。虽陋巷贫篓之人,解农市酒,委曲迎欢,不肯虚度。此夜天街卖买,直至五鼓,玩月游人, 婆婆于市,至烧不绝。”更有意思的是,《新编酒徒谈录》记述拜月之俗:“倾城人家子女不以贫富能自行至十二 三,皆以成人之眼眼饰之,登楼或中庭焚香拜月,各有所朝;男则愿早步蟾宫,高攀仙桂。…女则愿貌似嫦娥,圆 如皓月。”
明清两朝的赏月运动,风行不衰。“其祭果饼必圆”;各家都要设“月光位”,在月出方向“向月供而拜”。陆启 泓《北京岁华记》载:“中秋夜,人家各置月宫符象,符上免如人破;陈瓜果于庭,饼面绘月宫蟾免;男女肃拜烧 香,旦而焚之。”田汝成《西湖旅行志余》云:“是夕,nike basketball shoes sale,人家有赏月之宴,或携柏湖船,沿游彻晓。苏堤之上,携手踏歌,无异白日”;“民间以月饼相邀,取团圆之义 ”。富察敦崇《燕京岁时记》称:“中秋月饼,以前门致美斋者为京都第一,他处不足食也。呈供月月饼到处皆有 。大者尺余,上绘月宫蜡兔之形。”“每届中秋,府第朱门皆以月饼果品相馈赠。至十蒲月圆时,陈瓜果于庭以供 月,并祀以毛豆、鸡冠花。是时也,皓魄当空,彩云初散,传杯洗盏,儿女喧闹,真所谓佳节也。唯供月时男子多 不叩拜。”同时这五百多年中还推出“烧斗香”、“走月亮”、“放天灯”、“树中秋”、“点塔灯”、“舞火龙 ”、“曳石”、“卖兔儿爷”等节庆活动;其中的赏月,吃月饼、团圆饭等风俗,始终传播到今天。

中秋食俗

古时汉族的中秋宴俗,以宫廷最为精雅。如明代宫廷时髦吃螃蟹。螃蟹用蒲包蒸熟后,世人围坐品味,佐以酒醋。 食毕饮苏叶汤,并用之洗手。宴桌区周,摆满鲜花、大石榴以及其余时鲜,上演中秋的神话戏曲。清宫多在某一院 内向东放一架屏风,屏风两侧搁置鸡冠花、毛豆技、芋头、花生、萝卜、鲜藕。屏风前设一张八仙桌,上置一个特 大的月饼,四处缀满糕点和瓜果。祭月结束,按皇家人口将月饼切作若干块,每人象征性地尝一口,nba basketball shoes,名曰“吃团圆饼”。清宫月饼之大,令人难以设想。像末代天子溥仪赐给总管内务大臣绍英的一个月饼,便是“ 径约二尺许,重约二十斤”。
我国有二十多个少数民族也过中秋节,但节俗各异。壮族习惯于在河中的竹排房上用米饼拜月,�女在水面放花灯 ,以测毕生的幸福,并演唱幽美的《请月姑》民歌。朝鲜族则用木杆和松枝高搭“望月架”,先请白叟上架探月, 而后点燃望月架,敲长鼓,吹洞萧,一起合跳〈农家乐舞》。仡佬族在节前的“虎日”,全寨合宰一头公牛,将牛 心留到中秋夜祭祖灵,迎新谷,他们称为“八月节”。侗族则在这时让青年人远足、欢会,称为“赶坪节”。第一 天是芦笙会,第二天对歌。小伙子都要化装,向心上人表白情义。傣族是对空鸣纵火枪,然后围坐喝酒,品尝狗肉 汤锅、猪肉干巴、腌蛋和干黄鳝,谈笑望月。黎族称中秋节为“八月会”或“调声节”。届时各集镇举行歌舞聚首 ,每村由一“调声头”(即领队)带领男女青年加入,discount kobe shoes。职员江齐后,大家互赠月饼、香糕、甜粑、花巾、彩扇和背心,踽踽独行,川流不息。天黑便凑集在火旁,烤食 野味,痛饮米酒,发展隆重的调声对歌演唱,未婚青年趁机挑寻将来的伴侣。

中秋与月饼

中秋吃月饼,bryant shoes on sale。最先见于苏东坡的“小饼如嚼月,中有酥与饴"之句。唐和五代时赏月的食品只见有“玩月羹”等,未见有月饼 。月饼作为一种食物的名称并同中秋赏月接洽在一起,始见于南宋的《武林往事》。明代以来,有关中秋赏月吃月 饼的记述就更多了。《宛署杂记》说,每到中秋,庶民们都制造面饼互相赠送,:大小不等,呼为“月饼”。市场 店铺里卖的月饼,多用果类作馅子,巧名异状,有的月饼一个要值数百钱。《熙朝乐事》里也说,八月十五日称为 中秋,民间以月饼作为礼品相互赠予,取团聚之义。这一天晚上,家家举办赏月助家宴,或者带上装月饼的食盒跟 酒壶到湖边去通宵游赏。在西湖苏堤上,人们孑然一身,载歌载舞。同白天不两样。从这些记录中,能够看到杭州 百姓中秋夜赏月的盛况。
长期以来我国国民对制作月饼积聚了丰盛的教训,月饼的品种也越来越多,工艺越来越讲求。咸、甜、荤、素各俱 异味;光面、花边,各有特点。明末彭蕴章在《幽州土风气》中写道:“月宫饼,制就银蟾紫府影,一双瞻兔满世 间。悔煞嫩娥窃药年。奔入广寒归不得,空劳至杵驻丹颜。”这阐明心灵手巧的厨师已经把嫦娥奔月的精美传说, 作为食品艺术图案形象再现于月饼之上。清代富察敦崇《燕京岁时记>也有“至供月饼,到处皆有,大者尺余,上 绘月宫蟾婚兔之形”的记述。足见古代月饼从内容到情势已是百花齐放了。
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