Microsoft Office Pro Plus 2010 Giant Particle Acce

Demand to cite this story on your essay, paper, or report? Use on the list of following formats: Note: If no writer is offered, the source is cited alternatively. ScienceDaily (Jan. 27, 2008) — ESA’s orbiting gamma-ray observatory, Integral, has made the first unambiguous discovery of highly energetic X-rays coming from a galaxy cluster. The find has shown the cluster to be a giant particle accelerator. The Ophiuchus galaxy cluster is one among brightest inside sky at X-ray wavelengths. The X-rays detected are too energetic to originate from quiescent hot gas within the cluster and suggest alternatively that giant shockwaves must be rippling through the gas. This has turned the galaxy cluster into a giant particle accelerator. Most with the X-rays come from hot gas in the cluster, which inside the case of Ophiuchus is extremely hot,Microsoft Office Pro Plus 2010, at 100 million degrees Kelvin. Four years ago, data from the Italian Dutch BeppoSAX satellite showed a possible extra component of high-energy X-rays in a different cluster,Windows 7 Pro Key, the Coma cluster. “Two groups analysed the data. An individual group saw the component but the other did not,” says Dominique Eckert, Integral Science Data Centre (ISDC),Office Professional 2007, University of Geneva, Switzerland. So Eckert and colleagues from ISDC launched an investigation into the mystery. They turned to Integral and its five-year, all-sky survey and found that ESA’s orbiting gamma-ray observatory did show an unambiguous detection of highly energetic X-rays, coming from the Ophiuchus cluster of galaxies. These X-rays can be produced in two ways, both of which involve high-energy electrons. The first option is that the electrons are caught in the magnetic field threading through the cluster. In this case, the electrons would spiral around the magnetic field lines, releasing synchrotron radiation within the form of X-rays. The electrons would be extremely energetic,Office 2007 Ultimate, carrying over 100 000 times the energy on the electrons with the alternate scenario, which is that the electrons are perhaps colliding with microwaves left over from the origin on the Universe and now bathe all of space. In such collisions, the electrons lose some energy, emitted as X-rays. Determining which of these scenarios is correct is the next job for the team. They plan to use radio telescopes to measure the magnetic field with the galaxy cluster. They also plan to use the High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) in Namibia. This giant telescope looks for the brief flash of light generated when highly energetic gamma rays collide with particles in Earth’s atmosphere. If HESS sees such flashes coming from Ophiuchus, then the astronomers will know that the synchrotron scenario is correct. Either way, the electrons themselves are most likely to be accelerated to high energies by shockwaves travelling through the cluster gas. The shockwaves are set up when two clusters collide and merge. The question is how recently Ophiuchus swallowed its companion cluster. During the synchrotron scenario, the highly energetic electrons cool very quickly. If the team find this to be the case, then the collision must still be in progress. During the case of microwave scattering,Buy Office 2007, cooling takes a long time and the collision could have taken place at any time inside the past. Once the scientists know, they will be able to properly understand the history on the cluster. A person thing is already certain; nature has transformed the galaxy cluster into a powerful particle accelerator, perhaps 20 times more powerful than CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which begins operation in Switzerland this summer. “Of course the Ophiuchus cluster is somewhat bigger,” says Stéphane Paltani, a member in the ISDC team. While LHC is 27 km across, the Ophiuchus galaxy cluster is over two million light-years in diameter.” Journal reference: 'Integral discovery of non-thermal hard X-ray emission from the Ophiuchus cluster' by D. Eckert, N. Produit, S. Paltani, A. Neronov and T. Courvoisier is to be published in a forthcoming issue of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Story Supply: The above tale is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials furnished by European Space Agency. Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

I'm remarkably satisfied to I create this post. Thank you with a view sharing us gentlemanly info.

[ua1tg6hs8ooe]

| Back to logs list

69262 2010 年 07 月 05 日 02:21 Reading (loading. ..) Comments (0) Category: Personal Diary
Attachments: 1 Zone urban infrastructure fee charges
; unit: RMB / square meter (floor space)

Project Name

charge of the main

categories

charges

municipal infrastructure construction cost
(large package fee)

government

residential

165

public
building

commerce, entertainment and tourism projects

220

office buildings,gucci bikinis, apartment hotel project

215

culture, education, finance, project

210

main water pipe network construction costs
(large package fee)

government

residential

25

public buildings

35
residential construction non-profit public construction costs
(small ancillary fees)

government

residential

70

supporting public construction power construction costs
(special support)

power
company

public buildings

10 kV (including electricity capacity greater than 100 kVA 底商)

1280 yuan / kV On

35 kV

according to the actual construction cost and truly charged

heating construction costs (special package)

Heating
company

residential

92

public buildings

130

public
100 (Note)

district project costs

power
company

rise residential (including electricity capacity of no more than 100 KVA 底商)

105

with multi-storey residential elevator high-rise residential
(containing not more than 100 KVA electricity 底商)

110

public construction projects (including electricity 底商 capacity greater than 100 kVA)

according to the actual construction cost and truly charged

Water Company

residential

25

public buildings

27

gas
company

ordinary residential

28

gas heating

31

luxury apartments, villas
40

public buildings

according to the actual construction cost and truly charged

heating
company

residential

25

public buildings

according to the actual construction cost and truly charged

Notes: 1, East Zone, West according to the above standards, the implementation of the three cell reference;
2, accounting for the project construction area of the ground, underground and buildings or the sum of building floor area, unless otherwise stipulated.
3, construction of public projects heating costs (special package) temporarily collected.