biology, with the kinetic energy of life, is a collection of objects, but refers to the individual biological organism. Its elements include: Under natural conditions, through a chemical reaction with the survivability and reproductive capacity of the objects of life and from it (or them) have generated through the propagation of life for future generations.
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What is the biological metabolism of biological acquaintance is the most essential biological and non-living creature on the narrow difference between an introduction to basic features of the biological material with a common basis for all structural basis for biological metabolism the role of biomass response to external stimuli (stress) biomass growth, reproduction and development of genetic and biological variability to adapt to certain environmental characteristics, and changing the environment (adaptive) biological able to adapt to the environment, a change of the basic biological structures unit of classification of eukaryotic electron microscopy and light microscopy in the difference between the basic chemical components constitute a large number of elements of trace elements in inorganic salt Overview of Biopolymer Taxonomy Taxonomy origin and evolution of chemical evolution of the universe germ theory of gene theory that the meaning of the origin of life bioavailability of the latest progress of biotechnology in the human genome project completed early this century, biotechnology can be an effective prevention and treatment of many diseases of human cloning will be fully into the era of biotechnology, computer technology combined with extensive use of bio-technology field of environmental protection Biosafety Biotechnology individual Glossary identify various properties of the chemical composition of cell structure and function of cell metabolism, cell division, an overview of water metabolism in photosynthetic metabolism of mineral metabolism in reproduction and development of biological life activities and variation of genetic regulation of the origin of life and biological evolution of the relationship between biological and environmental Protection against the latest research results of biological hazards by a detailed explanation of biological interpretation of the basic words to explain the basic information about the Game sample game screenshots what acquaintance of biological organisms (organisms structure and function of cells are the basic unit of) nature is
living objects and composition of inanimate objects. Objects called living creatures, inanimate objects is called non-living. With the metabolism of all biological objects. For example: animals, plants, microbes, viruses, and even cells, a green leaf, a twig, live in the heart of germ cells and so on. Earth about 30 million plants, animals about 150 million. Only the original existing animals on Earth one-tenth of the animals. Maintenance of biological diversity is not only the sustainable development of nature and human existence and development. And as the state's middle and high school subjects. Metabolism is the most essential biological and non-living differences Note: in vivo metabolism is the general term for all chemical reactions and orderly. 1, where the genetic material of the same biological (ignoring small differences between biological) as one type (species). For example, human cells, heart, eggs,
louboutin sale, regarded as the same type of creature. 2, the type of germ cells as the female parent (species). For example, the horse and the horse kind of sperm, eggs and donkey donkey kind. Horse sperm and egg donkey and mule eggs generated similar. In the narrow sense refers to the traditional meaning of biological organisms are independent, can survive independently of objects. Including animals, plants, micro-organisms.
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Introduction to Biology Biology (Biology) is the study of the phenomenon of life and life activities, rules and disciplines. It is the agriculture, forestry, medicine and environmental science foundation. It is the 21st century, the dominant subjects. Social development, the progress of human civilization, improving the quality of personal life, have to rely on the development and application of biology. For humans, biology is too important to the lives of people everywhere is inseparable from life. Basic characteristics of the material basis of a common structure based on the material basis: composition: refers to the elements and compounds. (1) compounds, mainly proteins and nucleic acid, protein is the main bearer of life activities, DNA is the carrier of genetic information, they are all important life activities of polymer material. (Some viruses only proteins, such as prions) (2) element is divided into a large number of elements and trace elements, including a large number of elements have CHONPSK Ca, etc., plays a significant role in life activities, the role of trace elements with a small amount of great features. Structural basis: by the cells (in addition to viruses, there are some biological characteristics of the cell structure of life without the body, such as mycoplasma, chlamydia). Biological metabolism in vivo have been conducted with the outside world of matter and energy exchange process, called metabolism. Metabolism is the most basic features of biological phenomena. Metabolism is the body of life the process of continuous self-renewal, if metabolism stops, life will be over. Virus belongs to the bio, because it can metabolize and reproduce their own offspring, but not independent metabolism and reproduction of their offspring. Biomass response to external stimuli (stress) response to the lower animals is called stress. Senior animal reaction known as the Can be said that the virus was no stress at all. Biomass growth, reproduction and development of virus is a biological, because it growth, reproduction and development (not independently). Variation of genetic and biological features of Darwin's natural selection theory view: the genetic variation. Genetic basis of stability of species, variation is to produce raw material of evolution. Able to adapt to certain environments and changing the environment (adaptive) Darwin's natural selection theory view: Survival of the fittest. Biological able to adapt to the environment, changing the environment butterfly appearance disguised as leaves to prevent the biological structure of natural enemies than the virus, the overwhelming majority of cells the basic units of biological cells by most organisms, the basic unit of structure and function. Category prokaryotic cells: one is not forming the nucleus of cells, the nucleus of a proposed nuclear. The DNA is not with the protein binding, coiled folds in the cell, there is no film package. Almost no organelles (ribosomes excluded). General way to the proliferation of fission. Are: bacteria, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes, mycoplasma, and Chlamydia. Eukaryotic cells: a class of cells with intact nuclei. The DNA and protein binding, a film package. There are several specific features of cell organelles. Cell proliferation by means other than non-mitogenic manner, there are mitosis and meiosis (the formation of gametes). Archaea: sometimes referred to as Often live in the other two domains can not survive in the extreme biological environments. Some features with prokaryotes, such as the nuclear membrane and membrane system; also have eukaryotic features, such as the methionine initiation of protein synthesis, ribosomes are not sensitive to chloramphenicol, RNA polymerase and true similar cells, DNA has introns and combining histone; also is different from the prokaryotic cells have also different from the characteristics of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells, electron microscopy and light microscopy in the difference between the microscopic structure of eukaryotic cells: light microscope can see the structure, such as the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole. The ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells: electron microscope to see the cell structure. Chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, ribosomes, centrosomes, organelles such as peroxisomes and the nucleus of the concrete structure and a variety of biofilms. They have a common origin, function related to each other, and each transformation. Constitute a basic component of eukaryotic cells: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, cell wall, organelles (containing numerous organelles.) Prokaryotic cell components: cell membrane,
christian louboutin shoes, unformed in the nucleus, organelles (containing only ribosomes) organelles: endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus (in animal cells and cell secretions on, in plant cells, mainly related to cell wall formation), mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosomes, ribosomes, plastids (chloroplasts are plastids colored body, but also white body), micro-bodies, vacuoles, cytoskeleton (microtubules, actin, actin filaments) and the center body ( only in low-level plant cells and animal cells, and cell mitosis on). Chemical composition of all life activities and is closely related to the chemical composition of cells. Overview of the chemical composition of cells that constitute the major cells of various compounds. These compounds include inorganic and organic matter. Generally refers to its derivatives containing hydrocarbon compounds called organic compounds (except carbonates), such as: starch, amino acids, amino acid salts, nucleic acids, etc.; inorganic mainly water, salts and elemental gases. Various substances in living cells in the content from less to more normal sort is: carbohydrates and nucleic acids (accounting for 1 to 1.5%), mineral (accounting for 1 to 1.5%), lipid (accounting for 1 to 2%) protein (accounting for 7 to 10%), water (85 ~ 90%). A large number of cells in a large number of elements elements C, H, O, N, P, S, k, Ca, Mg, etc. Some of these elements in the composition of the cell material,
christian louboutin sale, and some cells in normal life activities is to maintain the necessary material. For example: C, H, O and N are material constitute an essential element for living organisms, and they are constitutes a necessary component of proteins. Protein is the main composition of protoplasm, we can say there is no life without protein, P and S are also important cellular components of living matter. Nucleic acids and phospholipids contain these important compounds, P, P is also involved in cellular energy metabolism. Trace trace elements constitute the cells of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B (B), Mo (molybdenum), etc. Although the contents of their small, but it is to maintain normal life activities of organisms and physiological functions of the material required . For example: B can promote pollen germination and pollen tube elongation, the lack of B will lead to spending rather than reality; Fe constitute the elements of hemoglobin, iron deficiency anemia may lead to malnutrition. Inorganic salts in maintaining the biological and physiological functions of normal life activities essential ingredients. The physiological functions: ① cells of certain complex compounds of the important part; ② participate in and maintain the metabolic activity of organisms; ③ to maintain a balance in vivo (osmotic balance and acid-base balance, ion balance). For example: the transmission of excitatory neurons need to internal and external potassium and sodium ion concentration changes in action potential. Biopolymer biopolymer material is an important component of life, but by the simple form of biological substances and can not be called. For example, the virus is composed of proteins and nucleic acids, but it had to rely on living cells to carry out some physical activities. Protoplasm is the life of the cell material, the main component of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Protoplasm differentiated into cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus and other parts of the cell wall is not protoplasm. The general classification of biological taxonomy levels: field, industry, doors, classes, orders, families, genera and species. The specific level of biological classification: Domain (total sector), industry, doors, sub-doors, master, classes, subclasses, Head, head, sub-orders, the total families, families, subfamilies, genera, genera, subgenera total species, species, subspecies. Species is the smallest biological unit. More of the same biological subjects, the more common. Domain is the highest biological classification categories. Higher than the industry as a classification system, called Currently these three domains are named bacterial domain (Bacteria) Archaea domain (Archaea) and eukaryotic domains (Eukarya). Biology is a prokaryotic, eukaryotic form, that is, animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and its metabolism can be characterized. Composition of plant classification algae, lichen, ferns, seed plants, animals vertebrates, invertebrates, microorganisms, fungi, bacteria, mycoplasma, chlamydia, rickettsia, spirochetes, actinomycetes, viruses, taxonomic classification to students is the study of classification methods and principles of the biology branch. It examines the similarities and differences between taxonomic groups and the similarities and differences between the degree of genetic relationship between elucidate biological, evolutionary process and the law of development. The origin of life origin and evolution of the major scientific issues in contemporary, yet still poorly understood but is by far the most fundamental biological problems. On the origin of life, history, there have been various hypotheses: such as place) and so on. These hypotheses and more out of speculation, has been negated. From the recent meeting of the International Conference on the origin of life research paper presented to see the contemporary hypothesis on the origin of life can be attributed to two main categories: First, the Totipotent cells are not the basis for animal cell culture, cell pluripotency is the theoretical basis of plant cell culture. The theoretical basis of animal cell culture is cell proliferation. Chemical evolution theory proposed, the origin of life on the primitive Earth conditions, from inorganic to organic, from the simple to the complex series of chemical evolution. Cosmic germ that is that the first life on Earth from the space beyond Earth, but later it developed on Earth. Chemical evolution that biological molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins is the material basis of life, the origin of life is the key to the origin of living matter, that in the absence of the original life on Earth, due to natural causes, non-living matter through chemical reactions and produce a variety of organic and biological molecules. Therefore, the first is the original origin of life origin and early evolution of organisms. The role of chemical evolution is to create a kind of chemical material, chemical material composition of these amino acids, sugars and other generic In 1922, biochemists Aoba Lin first proposed a hypothesis can be verified that some of the original earth minerals, in from the lightning, the energy of sunlight under the influence, became the first organic molecules . The first time in 1953 after 31 years, the United States permit the chemist Aoba Lin Miller first experiment of this hypothesis. His impersonation of the original composition of the atmosphere on Earth, hydrogen,
christian louboutin uk, methane, ammonia and water vapor through the heating and spark discharge synthesis of amino acids in the organic molecules. Following Miller, many primitive earth conditions by simulating experiments. And composition of the synthesis of other life on the important biological molecules, such as purine, ethyl set, ribose, deoxyribose, nucleosides, nucleotides, fatty acids, porphyrins and lipids. 1965 and 1981, China has the world's first synthetic insulin and yeast alanine transfer RNA. The formation of proteins and nucleic acids from non-living life to the turning point. The two successful synthetic biological molecules, and began life by synthetic material to study the origin of life a new era. In general, the chemical evolution of life consists of four stages: formation of organic molecules from inorganic molecules; the formation of small organic molecules from organic molecules; from organic molecules formed self-sustaining stability and development of multi-molecular system; from multiple Molecular evolution of the original life. Cosmic germ that past and present, have proposed a number of germ that is the hypothesis of the universe, as in July 1993 the tenth International Conference on the origin of life, it was suggested that There is no question Ying comet collision with Earth caused, above, which has been life on Earth. A few years ago, a space physicist and an astrophysicist has to be interpreted as the origin of life on Earth: the source of life on Earth 4.0 billion years ago may come from a fall in the ocean or the number of comets, they also believe life on Earth is the birth of comets provides the raw materials needed (they will be the so-called Despite these scientists had strong objections to the hypothesis (they think: Although some of the points such as these need further proof, but by meteorites, comets, interstellar dust clouds, and other organic molecules on the planet to explore and research. Understand the formation and development of organic molecules that the law, and with the organic molecules on Earth were compared, both for the origin of life on Earth for more information. Genetic theories genes from their parents, almost the same life, but because of genetic defects, some people are naturally prone to certain diseases, certain genotypes that the existence of the human body will increase the risk of a disease risk, this gene is called disease susceptibility genes. As long as know what the human body susceptible to disease genes, to infer which aspects of people susceptible to disease. However, how can we know what the disease susceptibility genes? This requires genetic testing. Genetic testing is how it? Stick with a special sampling of those from the test on the oral mucosa cells scraped off by advanced equipment, the researchers from these exfoliated cells can be measured in the DNA of those samples, DNA sequencing of these samples and the SNP mononuclear nucleotide polymorphism detection, you will know exactly who tested gene sequencing and others What are the different,
red sole shoes, and have found through many types of diseases, genetic samples were compared to those of the DNA test can be found there What are the disease susceptibility gene. Medical genetic testing is not equal to medical diagnosis, genetic test results can tell how high your risk of developing a disease, but does not mean that you are suffering from a disease, or in the future will suffer from this disease . Through genetic testing, can provide people with personalized health advice service, personalized service and personalized medication guidance to medical guidance. Can in the years before the disease, even decades, accurate prevention, rather than blindly health; people can adjust the dietary, lifestyle changes, increasing the frequency of physical examination, receive early diagnosis and treatment and other methods, effective to avoid the diseases of environmental factors. Genetic testing can not only tell us in advance how high risk, and may guide us clearly correct medication, to avoid the damage of drugs on us. Will change the traditional passive in the chaos of medical drugs, ineffective drugs and harmful drug use and health situation of the blind. Study on the significance of the origin of life origins of life billions of years to find out the history of the birth of life, but its meaning is far more than traced, but also because you can understand life and the environment, whole and part of the structure and function, micro and macro, individual development and system development to the main material and energy between the defense and information so that relations can further clarify the genetic variation, growth and differentiation, copy reproduction, metabolism, movement sensors and adjust the control mechanisms of life activities, which recognize and clarify the essence of life to achieve control and transformation of human life and goals. Bioavailability of the latest progress of biotechnology in recent years, biotechnology has made great progress in the development, gene isolation, amplification, recombination and somatic cell cloning technology have been achieved, a structure of the protein and co could have proved. Rapid propagation of virus-free, tissue culture, embryo transfer, embryo technologies such as cutting and monoclonal antibodies have entered the practical stage, the output value in 2000 is expected to be over 100 billion U.S. dollars. Scientists from the sequencing of individual genes to a planned, large-scale mapping of human and rice genome and other important organisms. 6000 has been a number of crops, the world of biotechnology research into the field trials, transgenic insect-resistant rice, corn, potatoes, cotton and pumpkins in the United States and Canada to try to grow a large area. American species of value more and more GM crops, planting 70 million acres in 1998 genetically modified corn and soybeans, while a few years ago is very small. International Rice Research Institute Philippines bred According to the French Since 1996, the United States specializing in the production Now, the United States is the world's leading bio-cotton producing countries, production is 2,800 tons per year, after the United States is India (the annual output is 930 tons), Turkey (800 tons) and Peru (650 tonnes). According to the Associated Press reports, U.S. scientists have used a mouse to grow biotechnology Sheshi an elephant egg, the technology can help save the world in the future on some of the endangered animals. Mice can be used to manufacture other animal egg Human genome project completed early in this century the human genome organization of project completed early this century, which will greatly promote the research activities in the field of medicine, diagnosis and treatment of disease changes the way is conducive to people's health. Imperial Cancer Research Fund, a research scientist, Professor Carlo La Anglesey, said: . Once the scientists learned more about the biological causes of cancer or stroke way to predict that the bar code will become the future the possibility of people suffering from these diseases. Biotechnology can be an effective prevention and treatment of many diseases due to complete the genome project and the progress of biotechnology in the future cancer patients do not experience pain during treatment, they will use genetic screening and developed under the treatment. genetic analysis may allow doctors to assess at the molecular level, the health of patients with chemotherapy not only kill cancer cells and kill the issue and that they may be specific conditions for different patients to be corrected. Scientists are gradually solved cancer, blood vessel blockage and Alzheimer's disease biochemical pathways, they can put new genes into the body, treatment of disease. a lot of damage human diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, AIDS, diabetes, etc., will be effective prevention, treatment and control. the United States dozens of companies have used sclerosis and other deadly diseases, and some have entered the human testing stage. Experts expect this kind of research will be genetic mechanisms, development mechanisms and learn more about the immune system not only helps to treat some genetic diseases, but also understanding of the process but also of great biological significance. scientists eventually may be found to prevent heart disease and cancer. era of human cloning will enter the field of biotechnology cloning technology is an epoch-making major scientific and technological breakthroughs, with the cloning in the UK Dolly from an adult cell cloned sheep, and full-term pregnancy can conceive, the output of a healthy lamb. who helped clone Dolly the sheep in this year, pharmaceutical company PPL cloned cow. cloned Scientists at the Roslin Institute, said the body has to produce healthy cloned offspring of nuclear transfer technology for the commercial is very important. the benefits of using cloning technology: speed up the breeding of livestock breeding, animal husbandry and thus has the potential to a revolution ; can train a batch of quality cattle and sheep breeds, in order to meet people's needs; can save endangered wildlife, preserve the ecological balance; mass production in the medical field, many people need expensive drugs. In addition, the use of cloning technology, on the plant cell, tissue or organ cloning, change the past, You can also bring medical breakthroughs. cloned : Now, I have no doubt that the potential benefits of this technology is far greater than the potential harm. On human cloning, the study will greatly extend the human life. into a bio-chip can be used to read the living tissue genes evolved with the surging flow of information, which is bio-technology and computer technology convergence of crystallization. Motorola, Patrizi Instruments and the U.S. government's Argonne National Laboratory have announced They have forged a partnership in order to mass production of biological chips. Biochip for medicine and agriculture has a broad meaning, it is time in seconds can be thousands of biological reactions. bio-chip bio-chip plan might lead to a market of several billions of dollars in new industries. environmental protection a lot of use of biotechnology scientists are still a lot of use of biotechnology in environmental protection to curb the trend of environmental deterioration. Currently the main technology development are: biological methods of sewage treatment, air pollution prevention and control with microbial desulfurization, removal of pollutants by bacterial degradation, with pollution-free biological pesticides to control crop pests, pest-resistant crops and nurture the development of practical biodegradable plastics. biosafety biotechnology development may be based on adverse effects, it is proposed the concept of bio-security. the so-called bio-security generally refers to the development and application of modern biotechnology on the ecological environment can result and the potential threat to human health, and its taken a series of effective prevention and control measures. bio-safety issues caused by the broad international attention in the mid 80s of last century, in 1985 by UNEP, WHO, UNIDO and FAO jointly formed an informal ad hoc on Biosafety Working Group, began concerned about biosafety issues. the international work on bio-safety legislation is of particular importance was held in 1992, after the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the General Assembly, the two signed a programmatic document specific reference to security issues in biotechnology. Since 1994, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Biosafety Protocol, Convention, discussion and revision, 4, opened for signature at United Nations Headquarters in New York. the development of biotechnology biotechnology and human life for the global economy have caused major changes. Biotechnology (biotechnology) National Science and Technology Commission under the American definition, means organisms (living organisms) or in part, to make or modify products, improve plants and animals, and the development of organism (microorganism) of a set of practicality, the mechanism. Of modern biotechnology began in 1973 by Boyer and Cohen invented recombinant DNA technology and hybridoma 1975 (hybridoma) technology. Recombinant DNA technology shows cells self-replicate millions of times the capacity, the economic power was gradually formed in the future, genetic engineering technology, including cell engineering (eg cloning), enzyme engineering and fermentation engineering (such as yeast, molds and lactic acid bacteria to fermentation) and so on. Today, biotechnology has been widely used in agriculture, medicine, food, environmental protection, energy, marine and defense fields, and at the dramatic increase in development potential, and for the world of health care, energy, environmental protection and providing food and other issues solution. Individual identification in recent years, the progress of human genome research advances, and constantly improve the technology of molecular biology, genomic research to various disciplines with the continuous infiltration of the progress of these subjects reached an unprecedented height. In forensic science, STR loci and single nucleotide (SNP) locus are the second and third-generation DNA analysis of the core, is the second RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphism) VNTRs (variable number of tandem repeat polymorphism) of the developed detection technology. As the most cutting-edge criminal biotechnology, DNA analysis of forensic evidence examination provides a scientific, reliable and efficient means by which evidence identification from the individual excluded from the transition to a can for the same certified level, DNA testing can be directly identified crime as homicide, rape, murder, chopping the case, rape, pregnancy and other major cases detected in difficult cases to provide accurate and reliable basis. With the development and application of DNA technology, DNA testing will be marking systems important means and ways of detecting them. This method as a paternity test is already very mature, and it is the best internationally recognized methods. Various attributes of biological diversity refers to the biosphere on Earth all living,
louboutin shoes, namely, animals, plants, microorganisms, and they have the gene and the living environment. It consists of three levels: biological diversity, genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity. Simply put, biodiversity is the performance of thousands of species. On Earth live in tropical rain forest species of more than half of the world (about 5,000,000 kinds), so, where biodiversity is most abundant. High biodiversity value, which not only provide raw materials for industry, such as rubber, oil, aromatic oil, fiber, etc., can also provide a variety of specific human genes, such as cold resistance gene, to cultivate new plants and animals species possible. A lot of precious wild animals and plants or herbs, for the treatment of difficult cases possible. With environmental pollution and destruction, such as deforestation, destruction of vegetation, indiscriminate hunting and fishing, at present, the world's biological species is the rate of dozens a day away. This is a great loss to the Earth's resources, because the species are gone, will never regenerate. Disappearance of the human species will not only lose a natural resource, but also through the food chain caused the disappearance of other species. Today, human beings are calling for conservation of biological diversity and worth action. Glossary Introduction * 1, stress: any organism to external stimuli can happen a certain response. Favorable trend of stimulation, to avoid negative stimuli. * 2, reflecting: people and animals in the central nervous system involvement, and the external environment of the body to stimulate reactions that occur regularly. 3, the chemical composition of cells, protoplasts: a matter of life within the cell. It is the main component of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Cells are formed by the protoplasm. This constitutes a small group of cells to differentiate into the cell membrane and protoplasm, cytoplasm and nucleus and other parts. 4, combined with water: water in the cells exist in two forms, in part with the combination of other substances within the cell, called bound water. Water is a cellular structure with the composition. 5, free water: Most of the free form, free movement, called free water. * 6, the condensation of: amino acid molecules to one another as the way is: a carboxyl group of amino acids (-COOH) and another amino acid molecules of the amino (-NH2) is connected, while losing part of the water, this combination method is called condensation. * 7, the peptide bond: connecting two amino acids (-NH-CO-) called a peptide bond. 8, two peptides: amino acids by the condensation of two compounds, called dipeptide. 9, peptide: condensation of amino acids by a number of multiple peptide bond-containing compounds, called peptides. 10, nucleic acid: nucleic acid was originally extracted from the nucleus, and acidic, so called nucleic acids. 11, DNA: DNA contains deoxyribose, called DNA, referred to as DNA. 12, RNA: ribose containing nucleic acid called ribonucleic acid, called RNA. Cell structure and function * 13, microscopic structure: ordinary optical microscope can be observed in the cell structure. * 14, submicroscopic structure: also known as the microscope. Means observed under an electron microscope the cell structure. 15, cell: also known as plasma membrane or plasma membrane, the cell division of protoplast formation, and in the outer surface layer of thin film structure. 16, membrane proteins: a cell membrane structures of various protein components. 17, carrier proteins: membrane structure and physical transport of a transmembrane protein. The membrane transport proteins have specific binding sites, the material on the highly selective binding, only with the specific characteristics of substances with similar enzymatic reaction with the substrate.
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