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diffusion rate (03)<br />The proportion of output of an industry using a particular technique by a stated date, e.g. the percentage of the steel industry using technique X by 2000. This is a major measure of technical progress and of INNOVATION. High rates of diffusion are encouraged by the possibility of cost reduction and by energetic advisory and information services.
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Keynes Plan (F3) see International Clearing Union
quantity theory of money (E4)<br />A macroeconomic theory relating the stock of money to the price leveL Although discussions of this theory are evident in MERCANTILIST writings (especially in LOCKE), it is to Irving FISHER, PIGOU and Milton FRIEDMAN one looks for twentiethcentury expositions. The Fisher or Yale equation is<br /> MV=PyT<br /> where T is the total volume of transactions, Vis the weighted average velocity of circulation, Py is an index representing the weighted average of prices of the commodities transacted and M is the total quantity of money.<br /> The Cambridge equation, attributed to MARSHALL and PIGOU, is<br />M=kPcR<br />where M is the total quantity of money, R is the total resources enjoyed by the community, k is the proportion of those resources which the public desires to hold in the form of money and Pc is an index number which values resources in terms of consumption goods.<br /> FRIEDMAN revived interest in the theory by expounding it as a theory of demand for real balances.<br /><em>See also:</em> monetarism <br /><em>Reference</em><br />Fisher, I. (1911) The Purchasing Power of Money, New York: Macmillan.<br /> Keynes, J.M. (1923) A Tract on Monetary Reform, London: Macmillan.<br /> Laidler, D. (1991) The Golden Age of the Quantity Theory The Development of Neoclassical Monetary Economics 18701914, Oxford: Philip Alan.<br /> Locke, J. (1823) Some Considerations of the Lowering of Interest and Raising the Value of Money. Collected Works, Vol. V, London (originally published in 1691).
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