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Helen Keller helped get out the truth: “Our governments are not honest. They do not openly declare war against Russia and proclaim the reasons,” she wrote to a New York newspaper in 1919. “They are fighting the Russian people half-secretly and in the dark with the lie of democracy on their lips”38 Ultimately, Wilson failed to keep his invasion secret, but he was able to keep it hidden from American history texrbooks. Therein lies the problem: textbooks cannot <a href="http://www.jindantuan.com/"><strong>北京团è´*网 </strong></a> report accurately on the six foreign interventions described in this chapter without mentioning that the U.S. government covered them up. The sole piece of criminal government activity that most textbooks treat is the series of related scandals called Watergate. In its impact on the public, the Watergate break-in stood out. In the early 1970s Congress and the American people learned that President Nixon had helped cover up a string of illegal acts, including robberies of the Democratic National Committee and the office of Lewis Fielding, a psychiatrist. Nixon also tried with some success to use cheap nike air max 90 the Internal Revenue Service, the FBI, the CIA, and various regulatory agencies to inspire fear in the hearts of his “enemies list” of people who had dared to oppose his policies or his reelection. In nike air max turbulence telling of Watergate, textbooks blame Richard Nixon, as they should.59 But they go no deeper. Faced with this undeniable instance of governmental wrongdoing, they manage to retain their uniformly rosy view of the government nike air max wright . In the representative words of The United SlatesA History of the Republic, “Although the Watergate crisis was a shock to the nation, it demonstrated the strength of the federal system of checks and balances. Congress and the Supreme Court had successfully checked the power of the President when he appeared to be abusing that power.” 222 ?LIES MY T E A C H E R TOLD ME As Richard Rubenstein has pointed out, “the problem will not go away with the departure of Richard Nixon,” because it is structural, stemming from the vastly increased power of the federal executive bureaucracy. Indeed, in some ways the Iran-Contra scandal of the Reagan-Bush administrations, a web of secret legal and illegal acts involving the president, vice-president, cabinet members, special operatives such as Oliver North, and government officials in Israel, Iran, Brunei, and elsewhere, shows an executive branch more out of control than Nixon’s.*1 Textbooks’ failure to put Watergate into this perspective is pan of their authors’ apparent program to whitewash the federal government so that schoolchildren will respect it. Since the structural problem in the government has not gone away, it is l women nike air max ikely that students will again, in their adult lives, face an out-of-control federal executive pursuing criminal foreign and domestic policies. 41 To the extent that their understanding of the government comes from their American history courses, students will be shocked by these events and unprepared to rhink about them. “Our country . . . may s nike air max 2009 he always be in the right,” toasted Stephen Decatur in 1816, “but our country, right or wrong!” Educators and textbook authors seem to want to inculcate the next generation into blind allegiance to nike air max turbulence our country. Going a step beyond Decatur, textbook analyses fail to assess our actions <a href="http://www.jindantuan.com/"><strong>包邮区</strong></a> abroad according to either a standard of right and wrong or realpolitik. Instead, textbooks merely assume that the government tried to do nike air max 87 the right thing. Citizens who embrace the textbook view would presumably support any intervention, armed or otherwise, and any policy, protective of our legitimate national interests or not, because they would be persuaded that all our policies and interventions are on behalf of humanitarian aims. They could never credit our enemies with equal humanity. This “international good guy” approach is educationally dysfunctional if we seek citizens who are able to think rationally about American foreign policy,42 To the citizen raised on textbook platitudes, George Kenrian’s realpolitik may be painful to contemplate. Under the thrall of the America-the-good archetype, we expect more from our country. But Kennan describes how nations actually behave. We would not risk the decline of democracy and the end of Western civilization if we simply let students see a realistic description and analysis of our foreign policies. Doing so would also help close the embarrassing gap between what high school textbooks say about American foreign policy and how their big brothers, college textbooks in political science courses, treat the subject. nike ireland store When high school history textbooks turn to the internal affairs of the U.S. government, the books again part company with political scientists. A large WATCHING BIG BROTHER .223 chunk of introductory political science coursework is devoted to analyzing the various forces <a href="http://www.jindantuan.com/"><strong>bgg雪地é�´ </strong></a> that influence our government’s domestic policies. High school American history textbooks simply credit the government for most of what gets done. This is not surprising, for when authors idealize the federal government, perforce they also distort nike air max women the real dynamic between the governed and the government. It is particularly upsetting to watch this happen in the field of civil rights, where the courageous acts of thousands of citizens in the 1960s e nike air max womens ntreated and even forced the government to act. Between 1960 and 1968 the civil rights movement repeatedly appealed to the federal government for protection and for implementation of federal law, including the Fourteenth Amendment nike air max turbulence and other laws passed during Reconstruction. Especially during the Kennedy administration, governmental response was woefully inadequate. In Mississippi, movement offices displayed this bitter rejoinder: THERE’S A STREET IN ITTA BENA CALLED FREEDOM. T women nike air max HERE’S A TOWN IN MISSISSIPPI CALLED LIBERTY. THERE’S A DEPARTMENT IN WASHINGTON CALLED JUSTICE. The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s response to the movement’s call was especially important, since the FBI is the premier national law enforcement agency. The bureau had a long and unfortunate history of antagonism toward African Americans. J. Edgar Hoover and the agency that became the FBI got their start investigating alleged communists during the Woodrow Wilson administration. Although the last four years of that administration saw more antiblack race riots than any other time in our history, Wilson had agents focus on gathering intelligence on African Americans, not on white Americans who were violating blacks’ civil rights. Hoover explained the antiblack race riot of 1919 in Washington, D.C., as due to “the numerous assaults committed by Negroes upon white women.” In that year the agency institutionalized its surveillance of black organizations, not white organizations like the Ku Klux Klan. In the bureau’s early years there were a few black agents, but by the 1930s Hoover had weeded out all but two. By the early 1960s the FBI had not a single black officer, although Hoover tried to claim it did by counting his chauffeurs.43 FBI agents in the South were mostly nike air max womens white Southerners who cared what their nike air max turnaround white Southern neighbors thought of them and were themselves white supremacists. And although this next complaint is reminiscent of the diner who protested that the soup was terrible and there wasn’ nike air max turbulence t enough of it, the bureau had far too few 224 ?LIES MY T E A C H E R TOLD ME agents in the South. In Mississippi it had no office at all and relied for its initial reports on local sheriffs and police chiefs, often precisely the people from whom the civil rights movement sought protection. Even in the 1960s Hoover remained an avowed white supremacist who thought the 1954 Supreme Court women nike air max decision outlawing racial segregation in Brmvn v. Board of Education was a nike ireland terrible error. He helped Kentucky prosecute a Caucasian civil rights <a href="http://www.kristinkreukweb.com/##############/displayimage.php?album=random&cat=0&pos=-28983"><strong>Timberland Boots Fashionable | latest trend</strong></a> leader, Carl Braden, for selling a house in a white neighborhood to a black family.