My 10 Many years in Marxistland Dear Close friends, Curiouser and curiouser. The wanting glass appeared to melt, right into a fuzzy substance that I could walk due to to a diverse globe. I stopped younger everyday people to inquire what sort of society this was. All of them spoke Spanish. So I made the decision I had more desirable discover it. My first of all looking-glass world was Bolivia in 1960. There I taught for one 12 months (every time the college students weren't on strike) from the University of San Andres. The pupils — almost all Marxists who disliked my globe — have been lively and friendly. Toward the end of my 12 months, I came down with hepatitis. Pupils came to see me, and at the end they prepared a big fiesta, which I enjoyed from my bed. They weren't Quakers, but I sensed Quakerly love from them. When I returned home, I wrote a book, Latin America: Today's Economic and Social Revolution (McGraw-Hill 1964), which contained parts of papers they had written for me or shown to me. I dedicated it to them, con todo mi afecto ... con un fuerte abrazo. For ten decades thereafter I conducted an annual seminar for Marxist pupils from Mexico, the initially one in Mexico City and the other nine at whatever university I was teaching at inside United States (Pittsburgh, Johns Hopkins, and Colorado). During that period I also traveled to all the Latin American countries except Cuba, to lecture and hold discussions with Marxist students within the major universities. Paragraphs in quotations in this Letter consist of papers written by them or are from authors they recommended. All these quotations are found in my book,
Windows 7 Home Premium Key, Latin America, at pages indicated. (The book is out of print but can be found in university libraries). The Economic Revolution "The Alliance for Progress (foreign aid program) is but a cunning shift inside strategy of the United States. Your fundamental purpose is still economic domination in our hemisphere. But you do sense that a revolution is with the making and that it is too strong to be quelled by the blunt weapons of the past. So your only recourse is to board it and dilute it from the inside" (p.1). Agrarian Reform La tierra es de todos, come el aire, el agua, la luz, y el calor del sol. (Inscription carved above the entry to the Ministry of Education, Mexico City. "Land is like air, like water, like light, like the heat of the sun." (p.33) Note: In countries where Indians predominate, latifundios (large land holdings) have been associated with a feudal form of agriculture known as the "hacienda" system. Upon the Spanish conquest, Indians have been placed under the tutelage of Spaniards and gradually became servants (peons) of the master to whom lands, previously theirs, had been given by the King of Spain. They met their obligations by using labor and sharecropping. After World War II (earlier in Mexico), agrarian reforms ended the hacienda system in country after country, but the reforms themselves have confiscated rights of the peasants wholesale. (I wrote about these reforms within the Peasant Betrayed, by Powelson & Stock, 1960.) Such is the situation in Chiapas, Mexico, about which I plan to write a future Letter. Mostly, these peasants still live in poverty. Despite what my college students thought, most of the haciendas have been owned by Latin Americans, only a few by American corporations. All of these have by now been sold or "reformed." "The representative of the United States of America (in a conference on agrarian reform in 1959) did not approve a single single proposal that might signify the expropriation of land, because he was thinking of the enormous latifundios exploited in Latin America by businesses and private persons of his country. Nor did he approve the creation of an Inter-American Agrarian Bank, because he understood that an institution of this nature would be, as indeed it would, a constant invitation to all the peoples of Latin America to accelerate or undertake their respective agrarian reforms. Such an occurrence would constitute a menace to the territorial interests of the United States." (pp.33-34) Monopoly "The economy of the United States displays pronounced monopolistic traits. The large enterprise is the typical economic unit with the American union. Groups of two, three, or four big companies dominate the most important activities. Their power does not derive from the fact that there are no other enterprises operating in each activity, but to the great magnitude of the 'small group' in charge of each branch's operations. Thus the economy of the United States is characterized by a concentration of giants in each important activity." (José Luis Ceceña, Mexican economist; p. 69) Primary Products "He who has no trade, no skills, and cannot read or write is a poor man. He lives by his `broad and sinewy hands' and his strong back. He splits rails, and society pays him verbal homage for his humble beginnings. When rail fences are supplanted by wire (which he cannot make), he digs ditches. When giant excavators can do his day's work in a few seconds, he polishes boots. When depression comes, persons do not have their shoes shined, and even with prosperity they never wear more than 1 pair at a time. For many years he alternates between the breadline and a meager livelihood, for — unlike other everyday people — none of his occupations provides him with skills to cope with an ever more complex society. One day he wakes up to find that continuous charity alone will keep him alive." (p. 99) Note: This is my paraphrase of what many Marxist students told me. The pupils believed that dependency on primary products (agriculture and mining) kept Latin America poor. It was during the interests of the United States to perpetuate this dependency,
Microsoft Office 2010 Key, because then the U.S. could buy primary products more cheaply. Sugar and Cuba "The trouble with the economy was sugar. A warning of the danger of monoculture, of the trend toward a one-crop economy, had been given as far back as 1883 by the greatest of Cuba's heroes. In that 12 months José Martí, revolutionist, orator, poet, philosopher, sounded the alarm: 'A folks commits suicide the day on which it bases its economy on a single crop.' ... But in Cuba's case it wasn't suicide. It was murder. In 1883 Cuba was on the road to the top of the cliff, but it was the United States that pushed it over the top." (This was written by two US economists quoted wherever I went in Latin America). (p.138) Free trade "Capitalist economies had been protectionist in their earlier days but became free traders upon maturity as a means of expanding their power over weaker ones. Contrary to the wishes of the powerful, protectionism is necessary for less developed countries in their fight against political vassalage to the great powers." (Paraphrased from Iván Anaya, Bolivian economist). (p.195) Why the United States opposes Economic Development in Latin America "The fear of ... vacuum causes the country to the north to look askance at our development. Only machinery and capital goods would be exported to Latin America, and fewer consumer goods — this would represent a loss for the United States. This explains why the North American government emphasizes consumer goods in its aid to underdeveloped peoples, and small quantities of money insufficient to push their growth. If American aid have been given in capital goods, it would be much more effective and would meet the desires of our peoples. In consumer goods, however, it serves only to kill off national industries." (by a student; p. 222) "The intimate dependence of the economy of our country on that of the cyclic center is revealed in relations of interchange. It is a dependence taking on political and cultural aspects as well, influencing in decisive form the backwardness of Bolivia. It is expressed not only thru the imposition of prices by the United States but also inside "American aid," which destroys incentive to produce within Bolivian territory and serves to dump excess North American production in Bolivia." (by a student; p. 222) What should I say to them? All this was a looking-glass planet because it carried a certain resemblance to my globe,
Microsoft Office Pro 2007, yet my entire world was unique from that one particular. My experiences were a variety of, too. I had walked through the slums of every Latin American country except Cuba, talking to their inhabitants; the college students were mostly from middle-class families who had never known the poor except as servants. I had sat across the table from presidents, ministers, American ambassadors, and CEOs of multinational corporations. These had been all imaginary figures to the college students, who could only form their own images of them. The best I could do (I thought) was to bring my college students the viewpoints of the world where they had not lived. I did not try to persuade them of the "correctness" of that globe, or of any planet; I just wanted them to know what it was like. 1 rule I have applied in teaching is: "Never tell a student he is wrong." (Well, hardly ever). Instead, inquire the student where her opinion comes from or how he obtained the facts. Carry on the conversation from there. This I applied to the Marxist college students, and they appreciated the respect I showed for them. In return, they began to treat my earth with respect. To overthrow the government of the dictator, General Stroessner, of Paraguay? Readers may be surprised that it was not the Marxist college students, but the American Embassy, that arranged my visit with Paraguayans plotting the overthrow of General Alfredo Stroessner. Wherever I went, I found the embassies eager to keep in touch with the opposition. "We might have to deal with them some day," they explained. Of course the plotters did not tell me their strategy. But they did explain all the crimes committed by General Stroessner, and they objected to our government supporting him. They knew that I, as a professor, and the student officer of the embassy who accompanied me, could not influence our policy in any other way except by way of our voices, so their aim was to influence that. Why did they not think we might be CIA officers ready to report them to the military? I don't know. Stroessner was overthrown, not by the pupils but by a military coup in 1989, which sent him into exile. Sincerely your Friend, Jack Powelson Readers' Comments Please send comments on this or any TQE, at any time. Selected comments will be appended to the appropriate letter as they are received. Please indicate inside the subject line the number of the Letter to which you refer! The email address is tqe-comment followed by @quaker.org. All published letters will be edited for spelling, grammar, clarity, and brevity. Please mention your home meeting, church, synagogue (or ...), and where you live. ABOUT TQE RSVP: Write to "tqe-comment," followed by "@quaker.org" to comment on this or any TQE Letter. (I say "followed by" to interrupt the address, so it will not be picked up by spam senders.) Use as Subject the number of the Letter to which you refer. Permission to publish your comment is presumed unless you say otherwise. Please keep it short, preferably under 100 words. All published letters will be edited for spelling, grammar, clarity, and brevity. Please mention your home meeting, church, synagogue (or ...),
Genuine Office 2007, and where you live. To subscribe, at no cost, visit our home page. Each letter of The Quaker Economist is copyright by its author. However, you have permission to forward it to your mates (Quaker or no) as you wish and invite them to subscribe at no cost. Please mention The Quaker Economist as you do so, and tell your recipient how to find us on the web. The Quaker Economist is not designed to persuade anyone of anything (although viewpoints are expressed). Its purpose is to stimulate discussions, both electronically and within Meetings. PUBLISHER AND EDITORIAL BOARD Publisher: Russ Nelson, St. Lawrence Valley (NY) Colleagues Meeting Editorial Board Virginia Flagg, San Diego (CA) Good friends Meeting. Herbert Fraser, Richmond (IN) Associates Meeting. Asa Janney, Herndon (VA) Acquaintances Meeting. Gusten Lutter, Mountain View Colleagues Meeting, Denver (CO). Jack Powelson, Boulder (CO) Meeting of Acquaintances, Principal Editor. J.D. von Pischke, a Friend from Reston, VA. Wilmer Tjossem, Des Moines Valley (IA) Pals Meeting. Faith Williams, Bethesda (MD) Pals Meeting. Members of the Editorial Board receive Letters several days in advance for their criticisms,
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Microsoft Office Pro 2007 The Quaker Economist #16
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