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starting of this year, Dean of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tsinghua University Li Qiang, on
2010 年 12 18, Beijing Municipal Federation of Social Sciences in Beijing Normal University held the Among them, Professor Li Qiang's How to increase the middle class and social narrations between the healthy development of Deep Thought.
As a sociologist, Professor Li Qiang long engaged in the series of books, and way to the National Institute of Humanities and Social Science Excellent Achievement Award.
the underlying population is too large, threatening social permanence

China Youth Daily: People commonly referred to as Agriculture accounts because personnel According to the National Bureau of Statistics unlocked the 2010 monitoring file, the 2009 national total of migrant workers is close to 230 million folk. Such a massive mob into the cities, merely forever in the lower classes, some of the metropolis in front of them have hardly ever of total superiority, seems to have As a sociologist, why are you especially concerned about the social status of migrant workers?
Jack: In recent years, the learned community to do a lot about the structure of Chinese society, such as Professor Lu Xueyi of the There I put along the Although the viewing angle of these theories alter, but one object is the same, that is, recognize our society has a huge lower, principally in large, including farmer groups, including migrant workers has always been alive low. Any society, if the base is too excellent, and if the majority community in the lower or lower middle class, is a menace to social stability. Earlier, Thailand's Therefore, how to change the lower and middle classes as the chief body of the society is changing the social structure of China's biggest challenges.
huge lower middle class groups in our society have the direct occasion of the urban-rural twin structure. So far, the rural household population still accounts for 55% of the whole society, that is, farmers groups, guiding to the main pyramid. You just said that 2009 data, in fact, the current number of workers in more than 260 million farmers out. However, research shows that even if the migrant workers seek jobs in cities, in industrial labor, the overall social structure of their position did not change significantly. Especially in the cities, they always are in the lower position. If you fascinate any care to this problem will definitely affect the process of deepening the reform of Chinese society.
China Youth Daily: In recent annuals, the Government adopted a series of policies supporting agriculture, including the abolition of agricultural tariff, direct subsidies to grain farmers, the establishment of new rural cooperative medical system, focus on maintenance of Rural Migrant Workers rights and interests. Whether you think these policies will help to improve the social status of migrant workers?
Jack: The policy of rustic districts and farmers, including the lives of migrant workers had improved, their development is undoubtedly gainful. However, some period antecedent, 'big splash' entry salary authority and less opportunities for the manufacture. The article quoted a So, today, the reality is: on the an hand, the Government introduced a digit of migrant workers to assist farmers and policy; the other hand, the outcome of social operation, but not been matched by the farmers and improve the status of migrant workers, the gap among classes continues widening.
China Youth Daily: This is the reason back what is it?
Li Qiang: I begin with the outlook of social stratification, examine how the lower classes to achieve the status of upward mobility. Historical experience has proven, class, class position conversion, it is difficult to rely on other sectors of society to help achieve. Help change the status of the farmer class, Mao Zedong was the most great experiment, but 60 years after, today's outlook, the economic earnings of farmers is still low. In my opinion, the new China was founded numerous years of experience and courses, and then goes behind centuries since the Qing throne to abdicate to prove that changes in social status is a gradual process, catching a sudden change in the access of extraordinary change, social status framework of short changed , for a long time and regained. Under normal operation in the social situation, that is, the rule of statute and regulations under the common personality, social status changes, the system is the system of all sectors of society within the game results. China today, ingredients comprised in the game: the role of the mall, the role of government, the role of power, money, the role of the role of elements, the relationship between the role of civilian resistance (such as letters, etc.), and the medium, including web, including voice effects and so on.
normal social existence, we should avoid ?
Li Qiang: Game of the results depend on its own strength at all levels, including all levels of the advantages and disadvantages of factors factors. Of course, the so-called strengths, weaknesses situation is very complicated, is not total. For example,Ministry of Public Security provides Car security as regist, some groups of wealthy and powerful,nike air max shoes 2009, that obtain games, but the result is that the most such groups, but the public had a advantage.
the conventional operation in the social game, institutional arrangements,wholesale air max, the result is the key. If the institutional arrangements with the interests of definite groups tilt, game results there will always be this proclivity. Justice system arrangement, the essence principles of equal opportunity and just championship. Of way, no society can not fulfill the status of everyone up, change the status of the results will always be some increase, some dwindle. However, the normal social existence, we should dodge
Now, let us see by this class of migrant workers, in the normal social game What are the advantages and disadvantages.
First of all, migrant workers in various labor groups in China, the most advantage of the old groups. They are young and energetic. In 2007 I was in 9 provinces (including municipalities) in a group of migrant workers for the city examine found that migrant workers in the age of 17 to 45 years antique, accounting for 88%.
this dynamic labor groups, the contribution in the economy do? Through data analysis, I found that 31 provinces, autonomous zones and municipalities in per capita GDP, and agricultural labor action was a assured correlation exists. Among them, the proportion of the inflow of migrant workers,women jeans, with the per capita GDP, the most relevant, up to 0.76. This shows that migrant workers per capita GDP of every province in the greatest contribution to society.
advantage since the age of migrant workers,Lightning buffet Chongqing winds caused massive rainfbring offa hundred human we, has endowed to the enormous social and economic development, social status, why they are at a disadvantage in competition? This can not but make us think the current institutional arrangements in answer.
China Youth Daily: Most people constantly think, laborious to improve the social status of migrant workers, for this team is relatively low class of education. In your opinion, what is extra logical institutional preparations that tin alteration this situation?
Jack: Sociology often talk about In fact, this hierarchical view is very flawed. In China, if only through the treble layer prototype to illustrate social status to missing a very important social factors, such as household registration status. Household registration system was the social status system with Chinese specifics, in real life, melodramas an important role. Another example is the kin origin. Although we have again denounced the
justice system is that everyone has the opportunity to contend and boost mobility. The injustice of the system is additional opportunity to tilt some members of society, when the other members of society constitute ######ism. Migrant workers with low average level of education, it is true, but this does not average that their skills is low, it does no mean society low demand for these skills, but does not average that they should lower social status. In my opinion, the current institutional arrangements of a famous problem is that there is no tool for planters and some technological avails to devise a good mushroom in channel. I cry this lesser rank, which is what I particularly absence to accent the point of outlook.
I must use research data to testify the technical superiority of migrant workers, to prove the statistical significance of their work and development of China's most pertinent. In fact, even without these data, we witnessed many high-rise buildings, series of major projects, as well as tens of thousands of projects throughout the construction of hundreds of millions of assorted productions, the labor of migrant workers can prove that there is a technical content, which we called In fact, should be a
However, these projects are So that we will analyze how individuals access to technology status. For sample, we query why a male is considered an specialist, people will say ah look at his titles: senior engineer, senior pipeline, main medic, instructor, spokesman, etc., the most senior of ; Chinese Academy of Engineering In short, the only social system has been recognized that a person may get the corresponding social status. This is a society of
In China, migrant workers and the From the formal point of view, the Government's The certificate is divided into five levels, involving all sectors. However, the vast majority of migrant workers in China have not won such a This can not help but reflect on our professional and technical certification system itself. In economic development made great contributions to the migrant workers, obviously completed a high level of professional and technical labor, but they basically did not obtain recognized by the society of professional and technical certificates, it is difficult to enter the ranks of the middle class.
skilled migrant workers without the status of this From our social structure, the biggest problem at present is How to make a professional techniques and skills of migrant workers, through a
to talk almost, how to rely above skilled migrant workmen to get through to the jump in the middle class community channel?
Jack: on the skills, technical how to affect people's social status, more adult, there are two theories: one is the new American communist methodology 埃里克赖特's technology assets; Another is the new Weberian, the British scholar Frank Passy's professional qualifications of gold, technical certificate system theory. Wright believes that technology and technical qualifications which is also an unequal distribution of attribute in the form of technology assets is based on the technical certificate, and technical certificate and by various regulatory authorities of the decision. Parkin believes that professional qualifications, technical certificate system and attribute system is equally important, is the modern capitalist system of social stratification of the 2 basic, technical certificate determines who can enter what kind of jobs, accordingly, in determining social stratification, class structure,ed hardy sunglasses for women, the technology features no less than the property of the certificate system feature. Although the two scholars representing differ schools of theory, however, validation the technical certificate in the determination of social stratification, the two views are approximate.
present, the Chinese community in the skills of migrant workers, technology identified, the existence of the problem?
since the founding of new China, technical certificate promotion mechanism has had several changes. The early days of New China,grey handbag, that is, the early 50s of final century, for the premier wage reform in the undertaking level to build a technology standard based on ; the standards, in rigid accordance with the standard technical level assessment and promotion. A longer phase of time thereafter, this eight technical level of workers and corporation systems are widely recognized by society as a whole, although the impact of political wars have been, although, has been to the carried on. At that time, can chance a
1985, the national implementation of the third remuneration reform, labor and personnel department developed a compensation system
1995, the state labor and personnel departments with reference to international experience, established 5 vocational qualification certificate system,Shanghai Red Cross informed the examine mentioned, so to completely destroy the native eight technical hierarchy. The 5 new qualification system, even in the order of the aboriginal eight are on the inverse, the five five is the lowest qualifications, the maximum level; and the traditional eight technical level is the lowest level, eight highest. From a practical efficacy, the new five vocational qualification system is not successful, making China the original meaning of social stratification hierarchy of industrial technology by the pernicious impact.
paired with the constraints of the household registration status, hundreds of millions of migrant workers working in the city tax, but also as a farmer on the identity, hard to get into a technical level and the corresponding social reputation of the urban workers . I have chaired over a national survey of migrant workers, a total of 1,899 valid examples. In the survey of migrant workers, there are professional qualifications or technical qualifications and only 15.7%, while 84.3% of the total number of migrant workers without anyone certificates. And when we asked to migrant workers,
Now, obviously a lot of much-needed national economy construction labor groups, but often a In keen contrast, the expertise of mental job classification, at the whole community. In order to reckon titles ambition issue papers, paperbacks, and some even went to the extreme point where even low-level thesis papers full of waste the earth. However, these titles but has a complete system of professional technical certificate system to assist. So, in a system of vocational titles such arrangements, we equitable ignore maximum of the social status of maximum of the technical certification.
I learned in social research, who have experienced the elapse, They said that when a person, not to advert a their level of technology is absolutely wonderful. Practice has proved that the technical standard is eight floored remove, clear, assessment, operational, social effects are good, reflecting the easy inconsistency between labor and intricate labor, Chinese workers will help guide the pursuance of more high-level, tall level of labor skills.
Our analysis shows that current technology certificate system for a great many our migrant workers is not legal in urgent need of change. Technology in the Stratification of skilled workers, I intend to resume the establishment of 8 vocational technical classification system.
jumped skilled workers
Jack: The experience from the Western developed countries, whether the middle class is divided into in the We know thatimportant factor in social harmony. In some countries in transition to complete a modern, high-level
China's education system has a mammoth flaw is that also much emphasis on education in the classroom books, over respondents qualify students to focus on more papers. China's whole social identity system is currently most lacking, it is the front-line workers for the industry due esteem. You watch, the marathon is immediately held in various TV kind, known as the Talent Competition, but better than to than to go, mostly distraction skills, but few migrant workers can show their skills in the vocational skills competition.
I think thin no time the institutional arrangements of migrant workers approved into the professional certification of the transformation of social structure.
(Professor Li Qiang papers related to the content of this interview published in the