Dma

Basic DMA operation
dynamic memory access (DMA) to improve the system performance of a well-known real-time approach is a logical additional module, generated when the incident response and allows the processor to the more convenient time to process information. The DMA controller is usually sent to the module's information into the memory (RAM), and allow the information processed automatically from memory to an external peripheral device. All of these are independent of the current CPU activity - see Figure 1. This approach certainly be useful, but its effectiveness is limited to delay the inevitable happened-CPU still have to process information at a certain time. S12X uses a fundamental method is to provide
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DMADirect Memory Access Direct Memory Access 1.DMA request 2.DMA response 3.DMA the end of transmission 4.DMA Digital Media Arts Digital Media Art Section DMA index abbreviations and calculation principles The general method of Section index judged standard DMA DMA III Index IV special analysis of indicators of real DMA dynamic mechanical thermal analysis techniques are mainly used in the main features of DMA DMA: dimethylamine nature uses DMA 0 --- Preparation -Direct Memory Access Direct Memory Access 1 ---- Digital Media Art Digital Media Art abbreviation 2 ---- Dynamic thermomechanical analysis Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Direct Memory Access DMA Direct Memory Access Principle: DMA is an important feature of all modern computers, he allows different devices to communicate with the hardware speed, without the need for a large number of interrupts by the CPU load. Otherwise, CPU needs of each fragment from the source to copy data to the register, and then write them back to a new place again. At this time, CPU for other work, it can not be used. DMA transfer of a memory area important to the copy from one device to another. When the CPU initializes the transfer action, action itself is transmitted by the DMA controller to implement and complete. A typical example is moving a block of external memory to the memory chip to go faster. Operation like this work did not allow the processor to delay, but can be re-scheduled to handle other work. DMA transfer method for high performance embedded systems and networks is very important. DMA transfer in the realization is in charge of the bus by the DMA controller directly, so there is a bus transfer control. Before the DMA transfer, CPU should hand over control of DMA controller bus, and after the end of the DMA transfer, DMA controller should control the bus and then immediately returned to the CPU.
DMA
a complete DMA transfer process must go through the following four steps. 1.DMA DMA controller on the CPU initialization request to the I / O interface to send operation commands, I / O interface to make DMA request. 2.DMA response to DMA controller to determine the priority DMA request and shield, made to the bus arbitrator logic bus request. When the CPU executing the release of the current bus cycle to the bus control. At this point, bus, bus arbitrator logic output response, said DMA has responded,chi pink dazzle limited edition, through the DMA controller informed I / O interface to start DMA transfer. 3.DMA DMA controller has transferred control of the bus, CPU, or immediately suspend the implementation of internal operations only, read and write commands from the DMA controller output, the direct control of RAM and I / O interface for DMA transfer. Under the control of the DMA controller, memory and external devices in the direct data transmission over the transmission does not require the involvement of the central processor. The beginning of the data to be transferred must provide the starting position and data length. 4.DMA complete the required end when after the bulk data transfer, DMA controller that control the release of the bus to the I / O interface to send an end signal. When the I / O interface to receive the end of the signal, on the one hand to stop I / O devices work, on the other hand presented to the CPU interrupt request, the CPU never involved in the state of relief, and perform a DMA transfer operation check the correctness of this code. Finally, with the results of this operation and the state to continue the original program. Thus, DMA transfer mode transmission without direct control of CPU, there is no way to interrupt the scene as retention and recovery process of the scene, the hardware for the RAM and I / O devices to open a direct channel to transmit data, so much the efficiency of CPU increased. Digital Media Arts Digital Media Art abbreviation of a DMA: Digital Media Art Digital Media Art abbreviated two indicators of stock market principles and Detailed DMA DMA also known as parallel indicators of poor indicator of stock market analysis is an indicator of short-term indicators, it can be used the market index and individual stocks judged. Section DMA indicator of a principle and calculation method, DMA DMA principle indicators trend indicator categories of indicators are also indicators of a trend analysis. DMA is based on the speed difference between two moving averages to analyze the situation of a technical analysis of price trends in indicators. It is mainly through the calculation of two different reference periods the difference between moving average to determine the current buying and selling energy on the size and trend of future price movements. Second, DMA DMA index calculation method is relatively simple index, calculated as follows: DMA = short-term average - the average long-term average in order to short-term AMA = 10, 50-day cycle for the DMA benchmark index, for example, The calculation process as follows: DMA (10) = 10 -50 daily average daily average AMA (10) = 10 日 (DMA) of the average formula: DDD: (MA (CLOSE, SHORT)-MA (CLOSE, LONG )); AMA: MA (DDD, M) and other indicators, like the calculation, due to the different choice of computing cycles, DMA DMA target indicators, including Japan, Zhou DMA targets,chi pink dazzle hair straightener, target year on DMA DMA DMA targets and indicators, and other minute types. Often used is judged on the stock market index and weekly DMA DMA indicators. Although the value of their calculation is different, but the basic method of calculating the same. In addition, with the stock market analysis software technology development, investors need to master DMA formation of the basic principle and calculation method, not to calculate the index value, the more important indicator is the use of DMA to analyze, analyzing the stock market. DMA General Section index judged standard one, DMA and AMA values and direction of movement of line 1, when the DMA and AMA are greater than 0 (that is, that for them on the graph is above the zero line) and move, the general that the stock market in the bull market, you can buy or ownership; 2, when the DMA and AMA were less than 0 (that is, that for them on the graph is zero line) moves to the next, usually expressed as a stock market is in short market, you can sell the stock or wait and see. 3, when the DMA and AMA are greater than 0 (that is, that for them on the graph is above the zero line), but after a relatively long period of upward movement, if both moving down from the peak, generally expressed as stock prices in the low tide period, the stock will fall, you can sell the stock and wait and see; 4, when the DMA and AMA were less than 0:00 (ie, expressed in the graph is zero line for them), but after a relatively long time The downward movement, if both moves up from the low, generally expressed as a short-term market is about to start, the stock will rise, you can buy stocks or shares to be short-term rise. Second, DMA curve and the price curve with the use of the DMA's leading stock index has the function of Change, therefore, investors can also DMA curves and curves with the use of stock. 1, when the DMA curve and the price curve from the low (DMA and AMA values are 0 or less) increased simultaneously, indicating that the power has been weakened short, long power began to accumulate in the short term to stabilize share price is expected to climb, investors should be able to start a small amount of bargain-hunting buy. 2, when the DMA curve and the stock value around the curve from 0 upward, the show started more than Bear Power Bull Power, the stock will be cooperation in the volume, rose up out of the wave of rising prices. At this point, investors should be buying auction or firm holding up. 3, when the DMA curve down from a high, after a strong correction after a period of time up again and hit a new high, while the price curve is also high after a strong correction to rise again hit a new high, indicating that the stock's upward momentum is still strong, investors can continue shares to be up. 4, when the DMA [DMA and AMA curve from the peak values are far away from the 0] the value of the top down, after a consolidation period of time after the re-up, but the previous high near the record high was not down when the U-turn and , the share price also fell curve, this may mean higher stock prices began to weaken the power, will begin a relatively strong drop in prices. Investors should be careful at this time, once the stock price from the next, should be bold and timely departure. 5, when the DMA curve and the price curve from position (DMA and AMA values were above the 0) continue to decline simultaneously, indicating that the short-term stock price will continue to decline, investors should continue to hold out or sell into rallies. 6, when the DMA curve in the long run down the process vulnerable, disadvantaged over time after the rebound and hit a new low again down, while the price curve down again after correction is also vulnerable new low, indicating that the decline in stock price momentum is still strong, Investors can continue to hold out. Third, DMA line and the intersection of several AMA line in general, in a stock rally and the decline in the integrity of the process, DMA DMA line and the index of the AMA line will appear twice or more of the and the 1, when the stock price decline after a very long time, after market,cheap chi flat iron, DMA Line AMA began to break up the line, that is about to turn the stock market strong, price declines are over, will climb up, you can start buying the stock, the medium and long term positions. This is the DMA indicator 2, when the stock price rise after a period of time after the process of market consolidation, DMA line started up again break AMA line, when the volume of re-release, indicating that the stock market being in a strong stock price will rise again, you can buy the stock overweight or shares to be up, this is the DMA indicator 3, when the stock price for a long time after the rise in pre-market after the stock gains have been great, once the DMA line break down the AMA, it indicates that the stock market is about to become weak by the strong, the stock will crash, this time should be Most can not sell shares to buy stocks, this is the AMA indicators 4, when the stock price decline over time after the rising power up the lack of stock, all moving average to form a strong pressure on the stock price, once the DMA line break down the AMA line again, indicating that the stock market will once again enter the extremely Ruoshi , the stock price will fall, you can then sell the shares or wait and see, this is AMA indicators Section DMA indicator of a special analysis, DMA indicator indicators deviated from the departure from the DMA when the DMA indicator refers to the movement direction of the curve and the K line graph exactly the trend the opposite direction. DMA indicators have deviated from the departure from both the top and bottom departure. K line when the stock price movement of a stock chart peak than a peak, the share price has to rise, while the DMA DMA curves on the graph indicators and trend curve AMA is a peak in the high peaks than the lower one,Chi dazzle flat iron, called the top against the phenomenon. Phenomenon is generally away from the top of the high price reversal signal that the stock will decline in the short term, is a sell signal. When the stock K stock trend chart of a peak on a peak lower than the share price in the fall, while the DMA DMA curves on the graph indicators and the AMA is the trend curve in the low end to one end of a low, called low departure from the phenomenon. Departure from the general phenomenon of the end of the stock price will be low reversal signal that stock prices will rise in the short term, is a buy signal. Compared to other technical indicators in terms of departure from the phenomenon, DMA indicator of the opportunities is relatively small, but if the trend in the actual, once the DMA indicators have deviated from the phenomenon, its accuracy is even higher and this should attract enough investors attention. Second, DMA when the DMA indicator index in the form of DMA line and the AMA line in the high or low sideways consolidation occurs when the form is to determine the various cross-market, decided to act as a trading method. 1, the DMA when the DMA indicator line in the high line and the AMA and the formation of M cross-head or triple top reversal pattern so high, the mean increase in stock price momentum has been failure, there may be long-term reversal stock market, investors should sell the stock in a timely manner. If stock prices have made the same curve shape can be recognized even more, the rate fell and the process can reference other M head or triple top reversal pattern at the top of the judged. 2, when the index of the DMA DMA line and AMA lines cross and form a W in the low end or the triple bottom reversal pattern so low, the mean decline in stock price momentum has weakened, the stock could build a long-term bottom, investors may be every low partial positions. If stock prices have made the same curve shape can be recognized even more, the stock price rises and the process can refer to the end of W or triple bottom reversal pattern of judgments such as the bottom. 3, DMA targets at the top reversal pattern on the market to determine the accuracy is higher than the bottom reversal pattern. Practical skills in the fourth quarter DMA DMA indicator indicators focused on combat skills in the DMA indicator DDD (the DMA curve, the same below) curve and the curve of the cross-AMA as well as DDD, AMA curve position and the direction of their three aspects. The following day on the software to analysts parameters (24,72,24) and DMA targets, for example, to reveal the sale and see DMA indicator function. (Note: QIAN software (24,72) and analysts at software index parameters corresponding to this parameter, the use of substantially the same.) First, buy and sell signals 1, when 24 DDD AMA curve and the curve 72 at a value of 0 near the line after correction for a longer period of time, once the breakthrough 24 DDD 72 days AMA curve upward curve, and the amount of stock is also breaking with long-term average when the momentum that began a strong rise in stock prices, stock prices will rapidly move up phase, which is issued by the DMA index buy signal. At this point, investors should buy stocks in a timely manner. Figure (91) below. 2, when the 24th AMA DDD curve and 72 days near the line of curve correction in the value of 0 for a longer period of time, once on the 24th day 72 DDD AMA breakthrough curve downward curve, and the share price down below the long-term moving average, it indicates that kinetic energy of relatively strong stock price fell, stock prices will begin to drop, which is issued by the DMA sell signal indicators. At this point, investors should sell the stock in time. Figure (92) below. Second, shareholders holding cash at hand signal 1, when the 24th day 72 DDD AMA curve upward curve after the break, relying on short-term moving average share price run up that momentum remains strong rise in stock prices, stock prices will continue to rise, which is issued by DMA indicators The shares to be up signal. At this point, investors should be holding up strongly. Figure (93) below. 2, when the 24th day 72 DDD break down the AMA curve after curve, the share price was down when the suppression of long-term average, indicating that the decline in stock price momentum is still strong, the stock will continue to fall, which is issued by the DMA indicator hold out signaling. At this point, investors should firmly hold out. BIAS-deviation rate is the rate that deviate from the principles derived from a moving average technical indicators, and its function is to measure fluctuations in share price and moving average process deviation occurs, so as to arrive at the sharp fluctuations in stock prices due to deviation from the moving average trend caused by possible retreated and rebound. Too far away from the moving average price, will not last too long, but will again soon approaching average. Deviation rate is divided into positive and negative values, when the share price above the moving average, is positive; when the stock price below the moving average, the negative; when the stock price and the moving average line, the zero. Application 1. Generally speaking, a deviation in the weak market rate of 5> 8 is overbought, is the time to sell. When it reached -8 below as oversold, a buying opportunity. 2. In a strong market, 5 days a deviation rate of> 8:00 is overbought, when it reaches -3 oversold when it is time to buy stocks. Tips 1. Rise in the trend, there will be many times higher prices, can be a positive deviation from the previous high point appears thrown. Fall in the trend, there will be many low-cost, can be a negative deviation from the previous low point of purchase. 2. Bureau of the positive and negative deviation from the hard disk to determine which should be judged comprehensive analysis of other technical indicators. 3. The general trend of rise in case of negative deviation from the rate, you can take advantage of declines to buy. 4. The general trend is a deviation in case of falling rates, you can take advantage of high throw recovery. Parameter Description BIAS parameters - default values: 5,10,20 DMA = Direct To Market II Direct Memory Access (direct memory access). This is a high-speed data transfer operations, allowing an external device and memory read and write data directly between, not through the CPU, does not require CPU intervention. The entire data transfer operation in a group called CPU data transfer in addition to do a bit of the beginning and end of treatment, the CPU in the transmission process can be other jobs. Thus, in most of the time, CPU and input and output are in parallel operation. Therefore, the entire computer system efficiency is greatly improved. The concept of DMA: DMA is a specialized hardware (DMA) under the control of high-speed peripherals and main memory to exchange data between the automated batch CPU intervention to minimize the input / output operation. Usually there are three ways: ◎ ◎ stop the CPU access cycle steal mode ◎ DMA and CPU alternately visit the (2) DMA Composition: ◎ ◎ data in main memory address register number counter ◎ DMA control / status logic ◎ ◎ DMA request trigger ◎ data buffer register interrupt institutions (3) DMA data transmission process: consists of three phases before sending the pre ◎: Complete the following steps by the CPU to the DMA card into the device identification signal to start the equipment, test equipment operation status, the initial value into the memory address, the number of data transfer, DMA control signal functions. ◎ data transfer: under the control of the DMA card automatically ◎ DMA transfer end of the deal on the card should include all the common components of interface card, and more the following: the main memory address register, transmit word counter,chi pink dazzle, DMA control logic, DMA request, DMA response, DMA work, DMA priority and queuing logic to send the process a complete DMA: DMA pretreatment, CPU to send commands to the DMA, such as the DMA mode, the main memory address, the number of words such as transmission, after the implementation of the original program CPU DMA controlled I / O devices and exchange data between main memory: to prepare a data DMA request sent to the CPU to obtain control of the bus, data transfer, modify the main memory address on the card, change the words and check the counter value is zero if not zero continue to transmit, Ruoyi zero, the interrupt request sent to the CPU. DMA technology drawbacks: Because peripheral DMA allows direct access to memory, to form an exclusive on the bus. This is a strong real-time embedded hard real-time system development will cause interrupt latency is too long. This military system is not allowed. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Dynamic thermomechanical analysis Dynamic Mechanical Analysis Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is applied by a known sample of the material and frequency of the vibration amplitude, measuring the displacement and the resulting applied force for the accurate determination of the viscoelastic material , Young's modulus (E *) or shear modulus (G *). DMA is mainly used in glass transition and melting tests, two changes in the test, the frequency effect, optimizing the transformation process, the characterization of nonlinear characteristics of elastic body, fatigue testing, material characterization of aging, dipping experiment, long-term creep the best estimate of materials characterization and other programs. Features 1.E *, G *, tan δ of the absolute measurement 2. High accuracy, excellent repeatability 3. Solid test framework 4.'s Unique scope of analysis: Force: 50N, 100N, 150N, 450N stiffness: 5 70 years of continuous use. can analyze solids, slurry (paste), liquid materials 6. can be tension - compression, shear and bending test 7. sample holder wide range of 8. fast high-performance thermal control 9. Experiment completion of the force in the direct measurement of 10. interchangeable force sensor 11. easy to operate DYNATEST software 12. Sample size setting auxiliary 13. automated testing guidance and operation 14. automatic control mode 15. dynamic and static control program to 16 . precise numerical control of static and dynamic set of 17. a variety of dynamic and static test mode 18. of all the conditions described in 19. a variety of image representation 20. Data Development convenient 21. master curve calculated DMA: dimethylamine formula: C2H7N Molecular Weight: 45.09 CAS No. :124 -40-3 nature is a colorless flammable gas or liquid, liquefied or compressed when the high concentration, with a strong ammonia smell unpleasant, when very low concentrations of fish oil odor. Soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether. Toxic. Melting point -96 ℃, boiling point 6.9 ℃, relative density 0.654, the freezing point -92.19 ℃, flash point of -17.78 ℃, ignition point 400 ℃, its vapor can form explosive mixtures with air, explosive limits 2.8% -14.4%. Vapor pressure 0.2026kPa, critical temperature 164.6 ℃, critical pressure 5.309kPa, refractive index of 1.347. 40% dimethylamine aqueous solution boiling point 51.5 ℃, flash point -99.4 ℃, relative density 0.898, the vapor pressure (20 ℃) 26.264kPa, sticky degree (40 ℃) 0.0017Pa · s. Preparation,chi iron, the proportion of methanol and ammonia to mix, to a certain temperature and pressure, the activated alumina as catalyst have one, two, trimethylamine mixture, and then by heat exchange, condensation, ammonia removal, extraction, dehydration, separation may dimethylamine products. The details, see the Use mainly for rubber vulcanization accelerator, leather to wool agent, medicine (antibiotics), pesticides (thiram, chlordimeform, herbicides and other herbicides Long), the textile industrial solvents, dyes, explosives, propellants and dimethyl hydrazine , N, N-dimethylformamide and other organic intermediates, raw materials. Dimethylformamide production which consumes dimethylamine 44.7% of total consumption, consumption accounted for 38.9% of pesticide production and pharmaceutical production and consumption accounted for 16.4% of entries Atlas Atlas more extended reading: 1
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