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68590 2010 年 08 月 30 日 09:08 Reading (loading. ..) Comments (0) Category: Personal Diary
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as long as you study or in construction, no matter what profession absolutely can to. Types and conditions of civil engineering research; database construction site; first, count the amount of the basic methods of reinforced; second, construction contractor prices ­ clear third, CAD, word, excel conversion between ; Part IV, the decoration of some formula. Do not worry take your time to gather all the more. Types and conditions of civil engineering research
one year after graduation automatically converted Assistant Engineer, Assistant Engineer, after four years as the assessment engineer. Construction to test if it is engaged in the construction division to do a test after a certain time supervision engineers. Consider it if the cost of engaging in pre-settlement division, or economist. If you do so on the test structure design engineer or architect or geotechnical division. The last exam a supervising engineer. of course, more work can be more than capable to sit the test. Supervision Division of the requirements of the maximum number of years so I finally re-examination
budget posts, construction staff, quality inspector, security, materials staff
Second, the examination level
primary, intermediate and advanced
three conditions apply
1, primary (one of the following conditions)
(1) the professional or relevant professional secondary education.
(2) engaged in this occupation more than 2 years.
2, intermediate (one of the following conditions)
(1) related to the professional or college education.
(2) engaged in this occupation for 4 consecutive years.
(3) to obtain the certificate of the Occupational primary, in the professional work of more than 2 years.
3, senior (one of the following conditions)
(1) The Bachelor degree or above, and in the professional work of more than 2 years.
(2) the professional college education, and professional work in the 4 years.
(3) to obtain the vocational secondary certificate, engaged in this occupation for 3 years.
Fourth, the curriculum
budget posts: material security officer: registered construction engineer, registered geotechnical engineers.
six research time:
1, May 12,13,14,15 registered architect at the secondary level
2, environmental impact assessment engineer, May 12,13 at
3, land registration agent, May 26,27 at
4, registered safety engineer, September 8-9
5, the construction division on September 15-16,
pandora necklaces,
6, registered civil engineer in September 22,23 Day
7, registered structural engineer on September 23
8, Cost Engineers, October 20-21
9, real estate brokers, October 20-21
10, Real Estate Appraiser October 20-21
Super Free ah construction industry.
to feel satisfied if ah do not forget to back this.
construction database structure and database of books
water supply and drainage manual database
decoration books and databases
installation database
project management database
HVAC Technical Library
garden interior design book collection database
Cost and Budget Electrical Instrumentation database
Technical Library
engineering supervision of safety information databases and books
big run
enterprise management database
Library
Bridge Water Books Library (1000)
fire books and databases
ISO9000 standard database
Machinery Hardware Manual Collection
construction and installation materials Daquan
learning English learning books for reference books, study books, office software
selected 100
CAD learning construction design books
confluence (of 1000)
all kinds of standards, procedures, standards (progressive upload)
electrical specifications and the more than 400 (WORD file)
Papers 2000 Construction Management Construction Design
Papers 250 +100 papers
the latest technology journals (at any time to upload, and the issue of time synchronization)
construction management, construction paper 3000
technical paper 15000 paper 5000 Construction Technology
construction program (15000)
Construction 250
program paper quality problems and prevention measures for 1000
construction paper construction methods
3000 3000
paper quality management and quality electronics industry system standards
logo Daquan
one, count the amount of the basic methods of reinforced
basic method of calculation the amount of reinforcement
Chapter beam frame beam
Section I, the first cross-bar calculation
1, through the upper part of the upper ribs through tendons
(through long tendons on 1) length = length + pass across the net cross-bearing anchoring the first end of the value of
2, client-side bearing bearing negative reinforcement negative reinforcement
length: the first row of the Ln / 3 + end bearing anchor values;
; the second row for the Ln / 4 + end bearing anchor value
3, the lower bar
lower steel clear span length = length + about bearing anchor value
Note: the lower sub-row regardless of whether or not reinforced, the calculated result is the same, so we marked the lower part of the beam longitudinal reinforcement can be do not enter the sub-row of information.
above three types of steel bearing anchor in both the problems involved, then, is how the software 03G101-1 bearing Anchorage judge on it?
Now we come to sum up the above three types of bearing steel anchor to determine the problem:
bearing width ≥ Lae and ≥ 0.5Hc +5 d, straight anchor, taking Max {Lae, 0.5Hc +5 d}.
end bearing steel anchor value = bearing width ≤ Lae or ≤ 0.5Hc +5 d, the anchor bend, take the Max {Lae, bearing width - the protective layer +15 d}. Anchoring the middle of the bearing steel
value = Max {Lae, 0.5Hc +5 d}
4, lumbar muscle
structural steel: structural steel clear span length = length +2 × 15d
torsion bar: the algorithm with rebar
5, stretching
Stretch length = (beam width -2 × protective layer) +2 × 11.9d (seismic hook value) +2 d
number of roots stretch: If we do not enter the square law given reinforcement cloth reinforcement spacing, then the reinforcement of the root number = (number of stirrups root / 2) × (number of structural tendons / 2); if given stretch cloth reinforcement spacing, then the root of the number of reinforcement bars = cloth Length / fabric reinforcement spacing.
6, stirrups
stirrup length = (beam width -2 × protective layer + protective layer of beam -2 ×) +2 × 11.9d +8 d
stirrups root number = (encrypted zone Length / encrypted area spacing +1) × 2 + (the length of non-encrypted / non-encrypted area spacing of -1) +1
Note: Because the protective layer component deduction are deducted to the longitudinal reinforcement of the skin, then we can be found, reinforcement and stirrups were in each layer of protection at a diameter of more than minus value; and we are reinforced in the budget calculation of length, are calculated according to the skin, so the software will automatically deduct the length of the multi- in the supplementary return, which, stretch increased the calculation 2d, an increase of stirrup calculation 8d. (Shown below)
7, hanging bars
hanging bars anchorage length = 2 * length +2 * + times oblique beam width +2 * 50, which box beam height> 800mm angle = 60 °
≤ 800mm angle = 45 °
Second, the calculation of the middle cross bar
1, the middle of the middle bearing bearing
negative reinforcement negative reinforcement: the first row for the Ln / 3 + intermediate bearing value + Ln / 3;
second row for the Ln / 4 + intermediate bearing value + Ln / 4
Note: When both ends of the bearing across the middle of the negative reinforcement extends the length of the cross and ≥ net span, its reinforcement length:
the first row of the inter-net span + (Ln / 3 + pre intermediate bearing value) + (Ln / 3 + after the intermediate bearing value);
second row span for the cross-net + (Ln / 4 + before the middle bearing value) + (Ln / 4 + after the intermediate bearing value).
other cross-reinforced steel calculated with the first calculation.
Third, the end of the first cross bar cross bar calculated
similar calculation
four steel cantilever span calculated
1, reinforcement
software with 03G101-1, in the form of software, there are six steel cantilever, as shown below
Here, we 2 #, 5 # and 6 # steel as an example for analysis:
2 # steel - cantilever tendons = pass (through inter) Net beam span length + width + high + bar from the secondary beam secondary beam inside a 50mm layer of protection from bending -4 + bar + lower inclined section of a long steel beams anchored into the value of the + bearing
5 # steel anchor - the men row of steel = Ln / 4 + width + Supports 0.75L
6 # steel - bottom bar = Ln - protective layer +15 d
2, stirrup
(1), if the cantilever cross-section of the section is changed, then we must also enter the terminal Ministry of section size and the root of beam, which mainly affect the length of beam cross-section calculation of stirrups, the upper bar, when there is a long ramp, inclined section of the height and the length of the lower bar; variable cross-section if the situation does not occur, we only need to
(2), root of the cantilever is calculated stirrups should not subtract times the width of the beam; 03G101-1 under the revised version of 66 pages.
Section II of the other beam
a non-frame beam
in the 03G101-1 in frame beam reinforcement for non-simple explanation, and the frame beam steel processing difference is:
1 set of ordinary beam stirrups encrypted area and no longer distinguish between the problems of non-encrypted area;
2,
pandora charms, lower longitudinal reinforcement anchored into the bearing only 12d;
3, the upper longitudinal bar anchored into the bearing, do not consider 0.5Hc +5 d value judgments.
not entirely explain the instructions refer to 03G101-1.
Second, the box beam
1, the bearing box beam extending the length of the negative reinforcement of the Ln / 3;
2, the lower end of longitudinal reinforcement value of dealing with the bearing anchor frame beam;
3, the first row of the upper longitudinal bar anchorage length of reinforcement side bearing = bearing width - the protective layer + Leung - protective layer + Lae, the second row of reinforcement anchorage length ≥ Lae;
4, beam central beam reinforcement extended beyond its borders the level of direct anchoring end and then lateral bending 15d;
5, the range of encryption stirrups ≥ 0.2Ln1 ≥ 1.5hb;
7, the side structure of reinforced steel bars and torsion beam treatment consistent with the framework. Wall
Chapter calculation of quantities in the steel wall is the most difficult computing components, embodied in:
1, shear walls, including walls, wall beams, Qiang Zhu, hole, we must take into account their whole relationship;
2, shear walls in the plane right angle, T-angle, cross-angle,
pandora beads, oblique angle of rotation and other forms;
3, shear walls in the facade There are various holes;
4, there may be a single row of reinforced walls, double, multi-row, and may bar each row different;
5, Qiang Zhu combination of a variety of stirrups;
6, coupling beam to distinguish between top and middle layer, based on the location of the hole there are different methods of calculation different.
need to calculate quantities
Shear walls
Section I, the level of shear walls reinforced
1, when the wall-side column for the dark
A, lateral reinforcement to pass through the outer wall of reinforced length = length - inner protective layer of reinforced = wall length
- Protection layer + bending
B, lateral steel reinforcement does not pass through the outer wall of a long length = - +0.65 Lae
protective layer inside the wall of reinforced length = length - protective layer + bending
dark wall of Ping Zhu and
root number = storey reinforced the level / distance +1 (dark beams, with beams reinforced wall according to the level set)
2, when the wall side to side column
A, lateral reinforcement to pass through length = length of reinforced outer walls - inside the protective layer
net long + bar = anchorage length of the wall (curved anchor, straight anchor)
B, do not pass through the outer steel ; the outer wall of reinforced long length = - +0.65 Lae
protective layer inside the wall of reinforced net length = length + anchorage length (curved anchor, straight anchor)
level storey reinforced root number = / Spacing +1 (dark beams, walls with beams designed according to the level of reinforcement)
Note: If there are multiple rows the vertical wall and horizontal steel bars, one of the horizontal bar at the corner between the anchor measure with the inner wall side of the horizontal bar of the anchor structure.
3, when the shear walls have holes Zhu prominent side wall
When the shear walls have
the hole, walls of horizontal bar left and right in the hole cut, respectively, bending down to 15d.
Second, the shear wall vertical reinforcement
1, the first floor walls of the longitudinal reinforcement based Reinforcing + length = + stretching from the upper storey floor overlap length
2, the middle layer of the wall longitudinal reinforcement of the body length = high + stretching from the upper layers of overlap length
3, the top layer of wall length = longitudinal reinforcement anchorage length
clear height + top vertical wall of reinforced wall of the net long root number = / spacing +1 (vertical wall of reinforced columns from the dark, side pillar edge 50mm started to assign)
No change in cross-section middle layer
variable cross-section
middle layer
; ;
top interiortop wall
4, shear walls have holes, the walls on both sides of the vertical bar down in the hole cut, lateral bending, respectively, 15d.
three walls stretch
1, length = thickness of the wall - protection layer + hook (hook length = 11.9 +2 * D)
2, root number = net area of the wall / reinforcement in layout area
Note: the net area of the wall mean it takes less dark (side) column, dark (with) beam, the wall area - total area of openings - dark column sectional area - dark beam area;
reinforcement of the gluten area refers to its horizontal distance × vertical spacing.
Example: (8000 * 3840) / (600 * 600)
Section Qiang Zhu
a wall, longitudinal reinforcement
1, the first floor the length of longitudinal reinforcement Qiang Zhu basis Reinforcing + = + stretching from the upper storey floor overlap length
2, the middle layer of longitudinal reinforcement Qiang Zhu length = high + stretching from the upper layers of the lap length
3, the top longitudinal reinforcement Qiang Zhu length = anchorage length of the top layer of clear height +
Note: If you are side column , to distinguish between the top edge of Anchorage, middle and corner posts, to distinguish between outer and inner steel reinforcement. Because the side frame column can be seen as columns, so the anchor is also the same with the frame column.
Second, the hoops: According to the calculation of the free combination of design drawings. Shear wall-beam
Section I, even beam
1, even by force of the top beam reinforcement reinforcement
hole width + length = value Lae
anchor both sides with the middle layer holes Beam Bar length = width + right and left anchor value Lae
2, hoop tendons
top of beams, longitudinal bars are arranged within the length of the stirrups that N = (LAE-100/150 +1) * 2 + (hole width -50 * 2) / distance +1 (top)
middle layer of beams, stirrups arranged within the hole, plus one of the sides of the entrance and then the N = (hole width -50 * 2) / distance +1 (middle layer)
II dark beam
1, the dark beam reinforcement net length = length + anchor
2, stirrups
Chapter structural steel column
KZ connection
Chapter
a base layer, column reinforcement
based Reinforcing = thickness of the base - the upper protective layer + steel stretching the length of + Max {10D, 200mm}
Second, the base, base, hoop hoop
only play a solid role in the role, it can be said to be to prevent the torsion bar in the pouring action. Is usually calculated by 2 (the software is based on three.)
Chapter
a middle layer, column longitudinal reinforcement
1,
pandora bracelets, KZ middle layer of the longitudinal reinforcement = story - the height of the current layer out of the ground level out on the ground floor + height
Second, the column stirrup
1, KZ middle layer of the root of the number of hoops one encrypted area = N / encrypted area spacing + N + non-encrypted area / non-encrypted area spacing -1
03G101-1, with regard to column encrypted area stirrups are as follows
1) the first floor column stirrup three encrypted areas, namely: the length of the lower stirrup encrypted area to take Hn / 3; upper take Max {500, column length edge size, Hn / 6}; beam joint range of encryption; if the column uses banding lap, lap within the same time it needs to be encrypted.
2) above the first floor column stirrups were: upper and lower parts of the stirrups were removed and the length encryption Max {500, column length edge size, Hn / 6}; beam joint range of encryption; if the column uses banding lap, lap within the same time it needs to be encrypted. KZ III
top top
different because of its location, is divided into corner posts, side columns and column, and thus a variety of anchoring the top of column longitudinal reinforcement vary. (See page 03G101-1 s 37,38)
one prism
prism top longitudinal reinforcement length = Hn + clear height of the top layer of steel anchor value, then the prism of how the value of the top steel anchor consider it?
; bend anchor (Lae): girder - protective layer +12 d
a, inside the anchorage length of straight steel anchor (Lae): Leung, - protective layer
; ; 1.5Lae
b, the outer anchorage length of steel columns at the top of the first layer: high beams - protective layer + column width - protective layer +8 d
column at the top of the second layer: Leung - protective layer + column width - protective layer
Note: GGJ V8.1, the inside of the curved steel bar anchorage length Anchor (Lae): Leung, - protective layer +12 d
; ; ; direct anchoring (Lae): Leung, - protective layer
lateral reinforcement anchorage length = Max {1.5Lae, Leung - protective layer + column width - protective layer}
Second, the top side of longitudinal column reinforcement
side column length = Hn + top layer of clear height steel anchor value, then the top edge of steel anchor column value is how to consider it?
side column longitudinal reinforcement of the anchor into the top inside and outside of reinforced steel anchor anchor:
a, the length of the inside bend steel anchor bolt (Lae ): Leung, - protective layer +12 d
; straight Anchor (Lae): Leung, - protective layer
b, lateral reinforcement anchorage length: 1.5Lae
Note: GGJ V8.1, the inside of the curved steel bar anchorage length of anchor (Lae): Leung, - protective layer +12 d
direct anchoring (Lae): Leung, - protective layer
; lateral reinforcement anchorage length = Max {1.5Lae, Leung - protective layer + column width - protective layer}
three column
top longitudinal reinforcement in the column length = Hn + top layer of clear height steel anchor value, then the value column is how the top bar anchorage consider it?
top longitudinal reinforcement in the column to bend the anchorage length anchor (Lae): Leung, - protective layer +12 d
direct anchoring (Lae): girder - protective layer
Note: GGJ V8.1, the processing above.
Chapter board
in practical engineering, we know that board panels and cast into precast panels, this is mainly of cloth Slab reinforcement situation.
Ligament are: muscle force (one-way or two-way, single or double), bearing negative reinforcement, distribution of tendons, additional reinforcement (additional radiation corner bars, additional reinforced hole), shoring bars ( when the support bar on the lower layer).
one
software tendon force, tendon force is based on the length of the calculation grids.
axis force tendon length = size + left + right anchor + anchor both ends of the hook (in the case of grade Ⅰ bars).
root number = (axis length - reduced value) / fabric reinforcement spacing +1
Second, negative reinforcement and distribution of muscle
negative reinforcement negative reinforcement length = length + left + right bending bent
negative reinforcement root number = (cloth reinforcement range - reduced value) / fabric reinforcement bar spacing +1
distribution range of length = length of the negative reinforcement layout - deduct the value of negative reinforcement negative reinforcement distribution
root number = negative reinforcement bars input The length of the interface of negative reinforcement / distribution space +1
three tendons, additional reinforcement (additional radiation corner bar, an additional reinforcement hole), support bars (when the support bar on the lower layer)
direct calculation based on the actual situation reinforcement length, root number can be, can be used directly in the software input method based computing. Chapter FAQ
Why steel calculation, 135o hooks in software that we counted as 11.9d?
calculation of our software in the hoop is actually taken 11.9D hook with the results of measuring the difference, we know that hook straight length is 10D, then measure the difference should be 1.9D, we derive the following This measure of the difference between what the origins of 1.9D:
calculated in accordance with the results of skin is 1000 +300; if it is calculated according to the center line :1000-D / 2-d +135 / 360 * 3.14 * (D / 2 + d / 2) * 2 +300, where D is the specification to take the minimum radius of 2.5d, this time behind the formulas used by the results of the previous formula is: 1.87d ≈ 1.9d.
beam when the existence of two hanging bars do?
information in the input box with hanging bars The beam width of the back of the sub-one correspondence in accordance with hanging bars, such as input into the 250/300 (2B22 beam width corresponds to 250; 2B25 beam width corresponding to 300)
bearing on both sides of the beam in the middle of the bar is not at the same time, the software is how to handle it?
bearing on both sides of the beam in the middle of the bar is not the same time, we have the right software directly into the current cross-bearing negative reinforcement and negative reinforcement the next inter-bearing reinforced left. Software to calculate the principle is reinforced on both sides of the same bearing, through; a difference in the anchorage; determine the principle is the same as the input format is adopted, a difference in the anchorage. Negative reinforcement at right bearing for the 5B22, the next cross-bearing negative reinforcement for the left-5B22 +2 B20, the five reinforced by bearing 22, two anchoring the bearing 20.
variable section beams in software is how to handle it?
in software, variable cross-section beams were divided into two kinds:
1, when the height difference of> 1 / 6 of the beam is high, regardless of the format is the same on both sides, both sides of the bar all by anchoring calculated. Bending length is 15d + elevation.
2, when the height difference of <1 / 6 of the beam is high, reinforced by bearing different judgments on both sides of the conditions for processing.
If the frame column concrete strength to change how we handle column longitudinal reinforcement?
If the frame column concrete strength to change the column longitudinal reinforcement of the deal are two cases:
1, if the column longitudinal reinforcement using electroslag welding, press the top column strength grade of concrete to set;
2, if the column longitudinal reinforcement lap banding used, for example, 1 to 2 layer C45, 3 ~ 10 layers for the C35, the column to be separated to create two components: one for the C45, as 3 layer, but only enter the member section 3-layer size and storey purpose is to keep the top layer 2 calculated as the anchor; another component to establish 1 to 10 layers, 1 to 2 layers only enter the member section size and storey, reinforced Information Since the 3 layers start typing, so that you can solve the problem.
column spiral reinforcement per meter length of circular formula: L = N (P * P + (D-2b + do) ^ 2 * π ^ 2) ^ 0.5 +
two hook length formula:
N = screw turns, N = L / P (L length of the circular column for the component length)
P = pitch
D = diameter of component
do = diameter of spiral reinforcement
b = cover thickness.
Also:
theoretical mass = steel reinforcement length * The quality of steel per meter mass = total consumption
steel reinforcement theory of quality * [1 + steel (iron) loss rate] Theoretical calculation of steel quality
shortcut:
theory of quality steel bar diameter = square (in mm) * 0.00617
Second, CAD, word, excel conversion between.
one, CAD graphics or tables copied to WORD, EXCEL steps
1, change the CAD system variables WMFBKGND is OFF, the CAD background is transparent,
If you want to copy in black and white graphics, which can be put in the Layer Manager layers color to white (7);
2, select the graphic you want to copy, use the
3,
pandora bracelets uk, switch to the WORD or EXCEL, activation need to paste the area, and then select
4, the effect of the initial paste the following diagram;
5, using the 6, the effect of cutting and scaled as shown;
7, such as graphics need to be modified, press the way back to CAD plans can be modified;
EXCEL approach also copied to the above.
Second, WORD, EXCEL graphs or tables copied to the CAD steps
1, select the need to copy the graphic or table, use the
2, switch to the CAD program,
pandora bracelets sale, and then select
3, select Paste as
4, choose Paste the insertion point, as shown after the effect of paste;
5, lines or text after paste can be edited directly in the CAD, as shown below;
CAD to the Office to add a few: CAD map pasted into Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Publisher can use this method.
1, line width - the proposed multi-segment line to set the line width, because the width width width of only two post-paste, not pretty;
2, the proportion of the problem - if possible, try to draw 1:1, where the ratio of 1:1 is printed, which is the need to print to 10mm, and
graphics to draw into 10 units, both to control the map scale, but also can control the line width;
3, the background color - 2002 in the layout of the space (the background of the general layout of the space is white) copy, 2004,2005,2006 copied directly on the line, no need to modify the background color.
three clear contracting construction projects price ­ template :19-23 Yuan / square meter (sticky gray surface)
concrete :38-41 Yuan / Li,
reinforced :310-420 yuan / ton, or 10-13 yuan / m2
masonry :55-70 Yuan / Li.
plaster :7-15 yuan / square meter (not net of door and window openings, do not include ride demolition scaffolding)
tile paste 18/m2.
room floor tile (600 * 600) 15 yuan / square meter,
baseboard: 3 yuan / m
room wall: 25 yuan / square meter (including the chamfer)
stone staircase: 28 yuan / square meters, stepping board edging: 10 yuan / m.
gypsum board ceiling: 20 yuan (flat roof) Lvkou Ban hanging items: 25 yuan / square meters,
squatting station cut off :120-300 / rub bit.
white latex paint: 6 yuan / square meter.
outside the wall: 43 yuan / square meter,
wall hanging mushroom: 50 yuan / square meters.
roof battens: 13 yuan / square meter.
Plumbing: 9 yuan / square meter (gross)
electrical lighting components: 6 yuan / square meter.
woodworking :18-24 Yuan / square meter (sticky gray surface), carpentry 35-50 yuan / m2,
Jia Zigong 5.5 yuan / m2,
real estate construction costs (calculated by square meter)
1, pile foundation (if any): 70 ~ 100 yuan / square meter;
2, bar: 40 ~ 75KG / square meter (multi-layer content was lower, the higher level content), or 160 ~ 300 yuan / square meter;
3, Concrete: 0.3 to 0.5 cubic meters / square meter (multi-layer content was lower, the higher level content), or 100 to 165 yuan / square meter;
4, masonry works: 60 ~ 120 yuan / square meter (multi-layer high content, high content of low);
5, plaster works: 25 ~ 40 Yuan / square meter;
6, exterior works (including insulation): 50 ~ 100 yuan / square meter (in general as the standard coating, such as stone or wall, it may be as high as 300 to 1000 yuan / square meter;
7, the indoor installation of water (including fire): 60 ~ 120 yuan / square meter (at district level, multi-layer slightly lower);
8, roof project: 15 ~ 30 Yuan / square meter (multi-layer high content, high content of low);
9, doors and windows (excluding entry door): windows and doors per square meter of floor space area of about 0.25 to 0.5 square meters (with high-end design and are closely related to a larger proportion of high-grade), cost 90 ~ 300 yuan / square meter, generally 90 to 150 yuan / square meter, such as the use of high-grade aluminum windows and doors, you may reach 300 yuan / square meter;
10, earth, entry door, flue and public parts of decoration: 30 to 150 yuan / square meter (high and low quality relationship with a great community, the higher the grade, the higher the cost);
11, basement (if any): increased cost of 40 ~ 100 yuan / square meter (multi-layer high content, high content of low);
12, Elevator Engineering Company (if any): 40 ~ 200 yuan / square meter, and the grade of the elevator, the elevator and the floor to set the number of how many have great relations, general engineering is about 100 yuan / square meter;
13, labor costs: 130 ~ 200 yuan / square meter;
14, Outdoor matching projects: 30 ~ 300 yuan / square meter, generally about 70 to 100 yuan / square meter;
15, templates, support, scaffold engineering (costs): 70 ~ 150 yuan / square meter;
16, tower cranes, people and goods lifts, lifts and other various types of construction machinery, etc. (the total cost of about 5 to 8%: about 60 ~ 90 Yuan / square meter;
17, the temporary facilities (living area, office area, warehouse, road, field other temporary facilities (water, electricity, sewage, images, and other production plant shelf space): 30 ~ 50 Yuan / square meter;
18, testing, testing, procedures, transportation, communication and other expenses: 10 ~ 30 Yuan / square meter;
19, contractor management fees, materials, labor, profits and other costs (about 10%): the sum of the above * 10% = 90 ~ 180 yuan / square meter;
20, various taxes and fees paid to the state (the total cost of 3.3 ~ 3.5%): 33 ~ 70 Yuan / square meter, high-end may be as high as 100 yuan / square meter.
not counted more than decoration, usually cost about 1000 ~ 2000 yuan / square meter, high-end residential up to 3,500 yuan. Above do not include some of the corruption caused by state-owned enterprises development costs. The decor is generally 500 to 1,500 yuan / square meter, depending on grade level, there are 300 yuan / square meter Jianzhuang Xiu, more 3,000 to 10,000 yuan / square meter ultra high-end renovation (bag check.)
21, design fees (including fees during the initial design concept): 15 ~ 100 yuan / square meter;
22, supervision fees: 3 to 30 yuan / square meter;
23, advertising, planning, sales agents fees: generally 30 to 200 yuan / square meter, the higher up to 500 yuan / square meters;
24, the land cost: general second-tier urban areas (the old rural areas) is 70 ~ 100 million / acre, floor area ratio is generally 1.0 to 2.0, so the conversion rate is: 525 ~ 1500 yuan / sq m, the urban center generally is 200 yuan / mu, conversion rates are: 1500 ~ 3000 yuan / sq m, the core region up to 300 yuan / mu, the land cost more unilateral; first-tier cities and even up to 20,000 yuan / square meter unilateral cost of the land above; third-tier cities, counties and other unilateral lower cost of land, usually 100 to 500 yuan / square meter, there are up to 2,000 yuan / square meters of the situation;
25, land tax and pre-fee, generally about 15% of land costs, second-tier cities is generally 100 to 500 yuan / square meter, around the standard is different.
Conclusion: The basic construction cost is fixed, even if we do not accept the relocation of the Housing section of land, construction of the national minimum standards, the cost is difficult to less than 1,000 yuan / square meter. In fact, the multi-ordinary housing, and Chien costs about 1,200 yuan / square meters, a small high-rise and high-level general commercial, and Chien cost about 1500 ~ 1800 yuan / square meters, the higher the grade, the higher the cost. Can be none other key is: the district level, the land to the government to pay part of the local government fees and taxes, advertising, sale of part of the cost of planning, renovation costs. In addition, the developer of the development of quality there is a certain relationship, If you always keep the prices down, quality is to be worse; private developers than the state / government developers indeed lower the cost, mainly two reasons, first, most of the private enterprises are mainly oriented to efficiency, cost control some better general, and second, the cost of private enterprise corruption is relatively lower. Whatever the reason, up and down with the quality of the area will not exceed the cost of 100 to 200 yuan / square meter.
the basis of common sense
12 requires 64 square wall of a standard brick wall
18 a square requires 96 standard bricks
; 24 need 128 square wall of a standard brick wall of a square to be
37 to 192 standard bricks
49 wall must be a 256 a square brick
standard formula:
wall unit dosage of 240 cubic meters of 1 / (0.24 * 0.12 * 0.6)
the amount of 370 cubic meters of wall units of 1 / (0.37 * 0.12 * 0.6)
hollow wall of a square requires 80 of 24 A multi-block standard brick
civil engineer should have the data (transfer)
an ordinary residential buildings of concrete and steel consumption volume:
; 1, multi-Masonry Residential:
reinforced 30KG/m2
; concrete 0.3-0.33m3/m2
2, multi-storey steel frame
38-42KG/m2
Concrete 0.33-0.35m3/m2
3, 11-12 high-rise layer
; reinforced concrete 0.35m3/m2
50-52KG/m2
4, 17-18 senior 54-60KG/m2
reinforced concrete layer
0.36m3/m2
5, the top layer of H = 94 米 30
reinforced 65-75KG/m2
Concrete 0.42-0.47m3/m2
6, 28-story high-rise apartments
H = 90 米; reinforced concrete 0.38-0.42m3/m2
65-70KG/m2
7, villas, and the amount of concrete between steel consumption and high-level multi-storey masonry house more than 11-12 layers of data between the
7 degree earthquake zone rules by design
Second, ordinary multi-storey residential building construction budget economic indicators
1, outside doors and windows (not including cell door, security door) area of the floor area of 0.20-0.24
2, the template area of the floor area of about 2.2
3, the outdoor area of the floor area of plaster about 0.4
4, the interior plaster total construction area of 3.8
area of the three, the construction efficiency
1, a plaster plaster work in the 35 square meters a day
2, a red brick brickwork 1000-1800 block puzzle
day 3, a hollow brick brickwork 800-1000 day puzzle pieces
4, tile 15 square meters
5, scraping 300 square meters of white first pass / day, and the second over 180 square meters / day, the third time calendar of 90 square meters / day
four basic data
1, concrete Weight 2500KG/m3
2, the weight of steel per meter 0.00617 * d * d
3, dry sand Weight 1500KG/m3, wet sand weight 1700KG/m3
4, stone weight 2200KG/m3
5, about one cubic meter of red brick 525 (min thickness of the wall)
6, one cubic meter of about 175 hollow brick
7, one screen 1.3 clean sand to be a little different side views of ordinary sand
:
1, ordinary multi-storey residential masonry: steel 25-30KG/m2 , where affordable housing is 16--18KG/m2.
2, ordinary multi-storey masonry houses, plastering the outdoor area of the floor area of 0.5 - 0.7.
3, ordinary multi-storey masonry residential area of the building area template 1.3 - 2.2, according to the number of cast panels, a large column density.
4, a brick wall brickwork 1000-1800 240 puzzle pieces a day, 370 or 500 Wall 2000 - 3000 block.
5, reinforced concrete weight 2200KG/m3, plain concrete weight 2100KG/m3.
6, project stone weight 1800KG/m3. )
0.617 is the weight per meter of reinforced round of 10. Steel weight and diameter (radius) proportional to the square.
G = 0.617 * D * D/100
weight per meter (Kg) = bar diameter (mm) × the diameter of steel bar (mm) × 0.00617
in fact remember the weight of steel commonly used in construction projects is also very simple φ6 = 0.222 Kg φ6. 5 = 0.26kg φ8 = 0.395kg φ10 = 0.617kg φ12 = 0.888kg Φ14 = 1.21kg Φ16 = 1.58kg Φ18 = 2.0kg Φ24 = 2.47kgΦ22 = 2.98kgΦ25 = 3.85kgΦ28 = 4.837kg ......... ...
Φ12 (including 12) below and Φ28 (including 28) of the steel generally take three digits after the decimal point, Φ14 Φ25 reinforced to take two general decimal Number
Φ6 = 0.222Kg
Φ8 = 0.395Kg
Φ10 = 0.617Kg
Φ12 = 0.888Kg
Φ14 = 1.21Kg
; Φ16 = 1.58Kg
Φ18 = 2Kg
Φ20 = 2.47Kg
Φ22 = 3Kg
Φ25 = 3.86Kg
I have the experience formula, you calculate a table on it. Forms can also go to buy a book with them is also very convenient.
theoretical weight of steel material name
simplified theoretical weight W (kg / m)
; flat steel, steel sheet, strip W = 0.00785 × width × thickness
square steel W = 0.00785 × side length of 2
bar, wire rod, steel wire W = 0.00617 × diameter 2
W = 0.02466 × pipe wall thickness (outer Path - Wall Thickness)
equilateral angle W = 0.00785 × edge thickness (2 edge width - edge thickness)
unequal angle W = 0.00785 × edge thickness (long side short side width + width - edge thickness)
beam waist W = 0.00785 × thick [high + f (leg width - waist thick)]
channel W = 0.00785 × waist thick [high + e (leg width - waist thick)]
Note
1, angle steel, channel steel I-beam and the exact formula is complex, and the table used to calculate the approximate simplified.
2, f values: general models and with a, 3.34, 2.65 with b, with c, was 2.26.
3, e values: general models and with a, 3.26, 2.44 with b, with c, 2.24.
4, the length of the units are in millimeters
First, the amount of ordinary residential buildings of concrete and steel capacity:
; 1, multi-Masonry Residential:
30KG/m2
reinforced concrete 0.3-0.33m3/m2
2, multi-storey concrete frame
reinforced 38-42KG/m2
0.33 -0.35m3/m2
3, 11-12 high-rise concrete layer
reinforced 50-52KG/m2
0.35m3/m2
4, 17-18 senior level
steel 54-60KG / m2
concrete 0.36m3/m2
5, 30-story high-level H = 94 米
65-75KG/m2
reinforced concrete 0.42-0.47m3/m2
6, high-rise apartments 28 layer H = 90 米
concrete reinforced 65-70KG/m2
0.38-0.42m3/m2
7, the amount of concrete and steel house is between the amount of multi-layer masonry residential and high-level 11-12
between 7 degrees above the seismic zone data according to rules of structural design
Second, ordinary multi-storey residential building construction budget economic indicators
1, outside doors and windows (not including cell door, security door) area of the floor area of 0.20 -0.24
2, total construction area of 2.2 template area around
3, the outdoor area of the floor area of plaster about 0.4
4, interior plaster total construction area of 3.8
area of the three, the construction efficiency
1, a plaster plaster work day in the 35 square meters
2, a red brick brickwork 1000-1800 day puzzle pieces
3, a hollow brick brickwork 800-1000 day puzzle pieces
4, tile 15 square meters
5, the first pass of 300 square meters of white scratch / day, and the second over 180 square meters / day, the third time calendar of 90 square meters / day
four basic data
1, concrete weight 2500KG/m3
2, the weight of steel per meter 0.00617 * d * d
3, dry sand weight 1500KG/m3, wet sand weight 1700KG/m3
4, stone weight 2200KG/m3
5, a cubic red brick around 525 meters (min thickness of the wall)
6, one cubic meter of about 175 hollow brick
7, screen clean sand to be 1.3 square one ordinary sand
decoration of some calculations formula
1, to tile amount of: (Note general different in different chamber loss rate of about 1-5%)
amount per meter = 100 / [(length + Gray Block material fracture width) × (W + Gray Block material fracture width)] × (1 + loss rate)
such as selection of retro tile specification 0.5 × 0.5M, patchwork width 0.002M, loss rate of 1%, 100 square meters, the number of blocks required to:
100 平方米 dosage = 100 / [(0.5 +0.002) × (0.5 +0.002) × (1 +0.01) is approximately equal to 401
total = floor tiles tiles tiles unit number ×
2, the ceiling amount:
the amount of ceiling panels
= (L - shield length) × (W - Shield W)
such as the net size of the area to calculate the amount of PVC plastic ceiling. PVC plastic board price is 50.81 yuan per square meter, shielding length, width are 0.24M, ceiling length 3M, width of 4.5M, the amount is as follows:
the amount of ceiling panels
= (3-0.24) × (4.5-0.24) is approximately equal to 11.76 per square meter
3, the amount of packages door:
package outside the door frame material amount = length × width outside the box
example (Figure) package with a composite wood door, door frame of 2.7M, width of 1.5M, then the amount of material is as follows:
bag door material consumption = 2.7 × 1.5 = 4.05 平方米
4, the amount of wallpaper:
Wallpaper amount = (High - Shielded length) × (W - Screen width) × wall a few - the door area - window area
example (pictured) to net size area of the wall, shielding the 24CM, wall height 2.5M, width 5M, gate area of 2.8 square meters, the window area of 3.6 square meters, the amount is as follows:
Wallpaper amount = [(2.5-0.24) × (5-0.24)] × 4-2.8-3.6 approximately equal to 36.6 square meters
above is part of the calculation with the feeding amount, depending on the decoration of the parts one by one with their respective unit prices multiplied by the cumulative feeding amount, to draw a total renovation cost of materials.
5, the floor amount of: (wood)
longitudinal length of the amount of = the room / floor tile length
amount = horizontal width of
room / floor tile width
case will not go, use the binary method, not rounded, but the vertical is less than half a calculation of height, more than half a calculated one.
floor unit price = total volume ×
loss = floor area of the floor - living space
floor floor loss rate = loss / housing area
Note: General floor is not more than 5% loss rate
6, the amount of wall-material
wall-materials, the variety determined, according to a reasonable size room area of the materials used to calculate the size, taking into account the possible loss of construction, the actual amount of buy more than 5%. Wall-material calculated in two ways:
1. to formula, is about 2.5 times the size of the room, and their product is the number of wall-material. Materials such as 20 square meters room for the 20 × 2.5 = 50m. There is also a more precise formula:
S = (L / M + 1) (H + h) + C / M
where: S - wall-materials required length (m)
L - deduction of windows, doors and walls after the total length (m)
M - wall-material width (m), plus a margin as a mosaic pattern;
H - wall-materials required height (m)
h - two of the same pattern of wall-material distance (m)
C - windows, doors and wall-down required for the area (square meters)
2. field measurements, this method is more accurate selection of wall-material required to understand the width, and so measure the width of the room walls (except for doors, windows and other parts) of the perimeter, there are several stickers in the perimeter The width of the wall material, that is to be affixed to pieces. Then what should be the amount of wall-height, as multiplied by the number of frames, that is, doors, windows and other parts of the wall material required for wall-length (m). Finally, this measurement is still under the window walls, irregular corners, etc. The length of the required materials, it has been calculated with the length of the sum, is the total length. This method is more suitable for crushing patterns, stitching without having particular bit of wall-material.
7, paint consumption estimation method
introduce a simple calculation:
room area (square meters) divided by 4, the walls need painting height (decimetre) divided by 4, the sum of both is needed Deshu kilograms of paint. For example, a room area of 20 square meters, the wall height is 16 decimetre (except 12 decimetre dado), then, is (20 ÷ 4) + (16 ÷ 4) = 9, ie 9 kg paint can paint the walls of two times.
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