Vast majority of our territory map, with a total area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, second only to Russia, Canada, the world No. 3, the fourth for the United States. Almost the same area with the whole of Europe. The four-terminal is our territory: the most eastern end of the Ussuri River in Heilongjiang and the intersection of the centerline of the main channel (135 º E multiple), near the western end of the Pamirs (73 º E), what cross- longitude 60 degrees, covering a distance of about 5000 km, the southernmost tip of the James Shoal (4 º N), north of Mohe in Heilongjiang in the far north of the center line of the main channel (53 º N) and more cross-latitude north and south about 50 degrees north and south are separated by about 5500 km.
directory
territories and administrative divisions 1. Position 2. Vast territory 3. Borders and neighboring countries 4. Administrative divisions and ethnic population 1. China is the world's most populous country 2. Overseas Chinese 3. Control population growth and improve population quality 4. Multi-ethnic socialist country terrain 1, 2, of the topographical features. Distribution of three major mountain ranges. Plateau, plains, basins and hills 4. Distribution of major earthquakes and volcanic areas with climate 1. Temperature and temperature with 2. Precipitation and dry in Rivers and Lakes 1. Outflow regions and interior regions 2. Yangtze River 3. Yellow 4. Irtysh 5. The use of a marine lake. Mainland China near the ocean 2. Rich marine resources, transportation and tourism 1. Main railway lines 2. Major ocean routes and ports 3. 4 major river routes. Main air line 5. The main road line 6. The main pipeline 1 of the main tourist resources. Natural scenery 2. Cultural Tourism Landscape Northeast 1. Position 2. Topography and climate 3. An important production base of agriculture and forestry 4. Rich in oil, coal and iron resources 5. Heavy industry-based industrial system 6. Dense railway network in five provinces and two cities along the Yellow River 1. Range and position 2. Topographic plateau, plain-based 3. Warm temperate monsoon climate and agricultural production 4. National grains, wheat, cotton, a major producing areas 5. Rich in coal, oil, sea salt resources 6. Beijing, Tianjin Industrial Park 7. Beijing as the center of the rail transport network 8. Major cities and ports in six provinces and one city in Yangtze River 1. Range and position 2. Important agricultural area topography and 3. Climate and soil 4. 5 sub-tropical forest resources. Huai River Governance 6. Minerals and major industrial 7. Water and land transportation developed 8. The southern coastal city of intensive four provinces and one region and Hong Kong, Macau 1. Range and position 2. Terrain 3. Climate and rivers 4, distinctive and important agricultural crop production 5. Opening up the frontier zone 6. Taiwan 7. Hong Kong, Macau southwest provinces and one city 1. Position 2. Terrain 3. Climate 4. Agricultural production in Sichuan Basin 5. Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the transverse mountain 6. Rich mineral and emerging industries 7. The north face of the tremendous changes in traffic the two areas of inland province 1. Location, topography and climate 2. Livestock and irrigated agriculture 3. Rich mineral and Baotou Steel City 4. Transport and major cities (xiv) Regional development of the main issues 1. Prevention and control of desertification in Northwest China 2. Soil erosion 3. Cross-district allocation of resources 4. Development of the western provinces of China, referred to the origin of territories and administrative units with 1. Location of the land and sea Location: eastern Asia, the Pacific West Coast. Our hemisphere Location: Old World and the Northern Hemisphere. The latitude and longitude of the location: across our territory north and south latitude 50 degrees, mostly in the temperate zone, a small part in the tropics, not cold. Longitude 60 degrees east and west across much of the Ussuri River and the easternmost western end of the Pamirs plateau more than four hours time difference. Boundary between Asia and Europe: the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, Caspian Sea, Great Caucasus Mountains, Black Sea, Turkish Straits Asia, North America boundary: the Bering Strait from Asia and Africa boundaries: the Suez Canal 2. The boundaries of the vast majority of China's vast territory, with a total area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, second only to Russia, Canada, the world No. 3, the fourth for the United States. 3. China's land borders and boundaries of neighboring twenty thousand one thousand meters and the neighboring countries of China, 14. Korea to the east, the north is Russia, Mongolia, northwest and southwest, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan junction. South of Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar. China's mainland coastline of more than 18,000 kilometers, from north to south near the coast with the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea and South China Sea. China's territorial waters, is the baseline from the coast to offshore waters extending to 12 nautical miles. Bohai Sea and the Sea Qiongzhou Strait for my country. Distribution along the coast of Taiwan Island and Hainan Island, Zhoushan Islands, the South China Sea Islands and other islands more than 5,000 large and small. With our neighbors across the sea are: Korea, Japan, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia six countries. 4. Administrative Region of China is now the basic administrative division is divided into provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), counties (autonomous) and township (town) levels, the provincial administrative units, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities and 2 special administrative regions. The country is divided in the history of Northeast, North China, East China, South, Southwest and Northwest Region 6. Hong Kong, Kowloon, Macau is part of our territory. Chinese and British governments signed in December 1984 Joint Declaration on Hong Kong, China's government in July 1, 1997 resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong, in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the implementation of China and the Portuguese Government in April 1987 in Beijing, signed a Joint Declaration on the Question of Macao, the statement reiterated that the Chinese leader on Macau. My Government was December 20, 1999 resumption of sovereignty over Macao in Macau under China's sovereignty over the implementation of Population and Ethnic 1. China is the world's most populous nation of about 13 million people, accounting for 21% of the total world population, is the world's most populous country. The distribution of China's population is more than the southeast, northwest less. From the urban and rural distribution, the end of 2004 reached 54,283 million urban population in total population, 41.76%, rural population of 75,705 people, accounting for 58.24%. 2. Overseas Chinese in China with more than 3,000 million overseas Chinese and Chinese distribution around the world. Compatriots of origin in Guangdong and Fujian provinces up to the two provincial hometown in many places has always been known for. 3. Control population growth and improve population quality of our population is characterized by the large population base, rapid population growth. Therefore, the implementation of family planning is still a basic state policy of China. Control population growth and improve population quality is still an urgent task to accelerate the four modernizations. Population growth at this stage of macro-control efforts by the Government large, has been basically completed model from the traditional to the modern paradigm shift, characterized by low population growth, birth rate, low mortality and low natural growth rate. However, due to our large population, China's annual population growth is still a lot. Therefore, as China still want to implement a basic national policy of family planning. 4. Multi-ethnic socialist country in ethnic autonomous areas
segment map
China is a unified multi-ethnic socialist country. Total of 56 ethnic groups. Han's most populous, accounting for about 92% of the population. The other 55 ethnic groups is small, collectively referred to as minorities. Is the most populous minority Zhuang, more than 1,500 million. More than 400 million population still Manchu, Hui, Miao, Uygur, Yi, Tujia, Mongolian, Tibetan and so on. Han distribution throughout the country, mainly concentrated in eastern and central; minority mainly in the southwest, northwest and northeast border areas. Overall distribution of various ethnic groups live together big and small settlements. Terrain 1, China's complex and varied topography of the terrain, plains, plateaus, mountains, hills, basins five terrain available, the majority of mountain area, an area accounting for about 2 / 3; lying west to east, roughly three ladder-like distribution . Southwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average elevation of 4,000 meters, is the first step. Daxinganling a Taihang a Wushan west of a line east Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the first step ladder between the second-level altitude of 1,000 meters and 2000 meters, mainly for the plateau and basin. The second step to the east of the land surface above sea level for the third-level ladder, more than 500 meters above sea level, mainly hills and plains. Complex and diverse terrain, forming a complex and diverse climate; lying west to the east of China, showing the characteristics of the distribution ladder, is conducive to moist air inland, supply a large number of water vapor; the river rolling in the east, and to communicate something to traffic; river from high a step ladder into the lot of low-level, fast-flowing, resulting in great water. 2. Distribution of the main east-west mountain ranges of the three columns: from north to south Tianshan a Yinshan a Yanshan; a Qinling Mountains Kunlun Mountains; Nanling. Southwest to northeast for a three columns: from west to east as a Daxinganling a Taihang Mountains in Wushan a Xuefeng; Changbai a Wuyishan; Taiwan mountains. North-south 2: Helan Mountain; transverse mountain. Northwest to southeast are two: Altai Mountains, Qilian Mountains. China and Nepal in the Himalayas,
air force one shoes, the junction of a main peak of Mount Everest, elevation of 8844.43 meters; is the world's highest peak. 3. Plateau, plains, basins and hills and distribution of the four major characteristics of the plateau: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in southwest China, with an average elevation of 4,000 meters, is the largest, highest in the world's largest plateau. Characterized by steep mountainous terrain, snow-capped mountains stretching, glaciers widespread, numerous lakes, vast grasslands, water is sufficient. Inner Mongolia Plateau in northern China, including Inner Mongolia and most of Gansu, Ningxia, Hebei, part of about 1,000 meters above sea level, is the second largest plateau. Features: open floor flat, undulating terrain; multi-steppe and desert. Loess Plateau, 1,000 meters above sea level and 2000 meters, the ground covered with loose soil layer, is the world's most extensive distribution of Wong, the most profound areas; soil erosion; thousands of gullies. Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau widespread karst topography; mountains and downs; bumpy. Distribution and Characteristics of the four major basins: the Sichuan Basin is located in eastern Sichuan, due to widespread purple sandstone and shale, but the 'red basins ring distribution, the central Taklimakan Desert is the largest desert in China, is China's largest inland basin. Qaidam Basin in Qinghai Province, northwest, most of the Gobi desert, more than the eastern marshes, Salt Lake, is typical of the highest terrain inland plateau basin. Junggar Basin in northern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is the second largest basin, 1120 km from east to west, north and south at its widest point about 800 km. an area of about 38 million square kilometers, 500 to 1,000 meters above sea level. Third The distribution and characteristics of the Great Plains: the Northeast Plain, the surface is known for its fertile black soil, more than 200 meters above sea level, is the largest plain in China. North China Plain, low and flat, fertile fields thousands of miles, is the second largest plain in China. Yangtze River Plain is located along the Yangtze River, low and flat, dense river network, lakes. main hills: hills Liaodong and Shandong hills southeast hills and so on. 4. the main distribution area of the earthquake zone and volcanic earthquake in China is more than one of the countries, the main Distribution Area: ① the southeastern coast of Taiwan and Fujian; ② along the North Pacific and in the region of the line; ③ southwestern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its western edge of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces; ④ northwestern Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia. Climate 1. temperature and temperature with
monsoon region boundaries and non-monsoon
China is a monsoon climate, summer and winter temperatures vary widely distributed. temperature distribution characteristics: generally low winter temperatures, the north south hot cold, the temperature difference between north and south , temperature near 50 ℃. The main reason is: the southern hemisphere winter, direct sunlight, the Northern Hemisphere receive less solar energy; latitude effect: winter prevailing winter wind. generally hot summer in most areas (except outside the Tibetan Plateau), north-south temperature difference. the main reason is: the northern hemisphere summer, direct sunlight, heat and more access to the northern hemisphere; summer prevailing winds in summer, temperatures in most parts of China rose to the highest value; summer sun height and large, the higher the latitude, the day is longer, slowing the North to accept the differences of solar heating . winter is the coldest place in the town of Mohe, the summer is the hottest place to Turpan. Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing, known as China's , from the coast to the mainland gradually reduced. frost or as long as the crop growing season long. otherwise short. 2. precipitation and wet and dry areas of the distribution of annual precipitation and causes of spatial distribution of annual precipitation to the southeast coast Inland Northwest reduction features. origin: China's southeast coastal, deep into the Eurasian continental interior Northwest, making the water cycle from southeast China's coastal areas inland to the northwest gradually weakened. On the other hand, can bring a lot of summer monsoon precipitation by The road blocks and heavy mountain far more constrained, the impact from the southeast coast inland to the northwest gradually reduced. seasonal variation of precipitation over the country is very uneven seasonal distribution of precipitation, precipitation in most parts of the country concentrated in May to October. The period generally accounts for the year of precipitation 80%. to look at different areas north and south, the south end of the rainy season began early and late, the north end of the rainy season started late and early.
dryness index chart
Cause: This time of variation of precipitation, with the monsoon due to the rain front moving with the passage of the phenomenon have separated. May, south to the north, warm air and cold air meet in Nanling area, rain with this lingering, South rainy season; June, with the frontal rain band over the Yangtze River and the Yangtze River region in about a month left swing and rainy, at a time when plums ripening season, known as the Yangtze River the rainy season; July and August, with the frontal rain bands advance to the north, northeast and other places, a significant increase in precipitation in northern China; September, the cold air forces in the north increased frontal rain band with the rapid withdrawal to the south of the Yangtze, Canada with wind and rain on Taiwan, southern China at this time still more rain. precipitation Distribution: distribution is very uneven, the overall trend is decreasing along the southeast coast inland to the northwest. a place where most of the precipitation is Taiwan's fire Liu, at least where is the Turpan Basin in Toksun. the division of wet and dry areas; based on the relationship between precipitation and evaporation, from the southeast coast of China to the northwest interior wet area can be divided into four categories: Overview as follows:
semi-humid areas of sub-humid areas dry and arid arid areas is less than 11.00-1.491.50-4.0 Qinling geographical area greater than 4.0 - the Huaihe River to the south east of the vast mountainous region in western Sichuan, northeast mountains, southeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Northeast Plain, North China Plain, the Weihe Plain, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Loess Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Tianshan Mountains in northwest Tarim, Junggar, Qaidam, good, etc. Al-based forest-steppe vegetation in the forest or shrub steppe desert steppe and desert steppe upland paddy fields , small animal husbandry rivers and lakes dry paddy field 1. outflow regions, and directly or indirectly, within the flow region the river flows into the sea called the river outflow, the outflow of the river valley known as the outflow regions, the largest outflow of the Yangtze River. do not shed marine, inland lakes or flows into the disappearance of the middle of the river called the river. within the river basin as the flow area, the largest inland river in China is the Tarim River. outflow River and its hydrological characteristics: the Qinling-Huai River line as a sector, south, north characteristics for clear differences between the river outflow: outflow of the river south of a large amount of seasonal water level changes in small, long season, sediment is small, ice-free period; northern Heilongjiang and a few rivers in addition, the river flow is small, Seasonal changes in water level regulation short season, sediment large. The reason is that a large southern precipitation; the rainy season long, lush plants than the river's silt content less winter temperatures above 0 ℃. North opposite. main river and hydrological characteristics: I national river mainly in the northwest, the Tarim River is the longest inland river in China. mountain snow melt water is the main source of water within the river, and thus the hydrological characteristics and seasonal rivers are closely related. 2. The Yangtze is China's longest Yangtze River, is the source of a Tuotuohe, originated in what the Tibetan Plateau south of Gela Dan Tanggula peak, 6,300 km, flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Chongqing, Tibet, Yunnan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai and other 11 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, and into the East China Sea. Xuefeng from Dandong to Lhasa for the Yangtze River in Yichang, Hubei, canyons and more fast-flowing drop of large, abundant water resources is its hydrological characteristics, the famous Three Gorges (Qutang, Wu Gorge, Xiling Gorge) in respect of the Yangtze River; from Yichang to Hukou in Jiangxi for the middle reaches of the Yangtze river bend this period, lakes and more branches and more; from Hukou to the following for the downstream Yangtze River estuary, this section a small tributary of the river deep water, river affected by tides, water level fluctuation time. Yangtze River in China since ancient times things that shipping artery, the Yangtze River routes have a large volume. investment, low cost, accounting for the Yangtze River water resources reserves third of the country. Gezhouba the Yangtze River's first large-scale hydro, is currently China's largest hydropower generation capacity; world watched as the Three Gorges water conservancy project, December 14, 1994 officially started, completed in 2009 will be installed 70 million kilowatts of generating 26, and 84.6 billion kwh of electricity, than the current world's largest hydropower station 巴西伊泰普 bigger 40%. the original ships only navigable to Chongqing from 1000 tons to 5000 tons. so known as the Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia,
nike air force 1 high, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong and other nine provinces, autonomous regions, and into the Bohai Sea, the northern foot of Bayan Har Mountains to Mongolia from the mouth of the town for the upstream section of the Qinghai source, the water clear, slow water flow ; Qinghai, Gansu section of the east, valleys and more water became muddy, water increases; Qingtongxia east of the Mongolian section of the fixed, steady water flow, water becomes less. Mengjin from the mouth of the town to the middle reaches of Henan, has accepted the Fen, Wei and other dozens of tributaries, water depth current is swift, large sediment; Mengjin following downstream, flows through the plains, width of river water slowly, sedimentation as phenomenon, almost every year due to ice run before liberation burst and flooded. Harnessing the Yellow River sediment is the key to the problem. 4. Irtysh River Irtysh River is the only river flow into the Arctic Ocean. 5. lake in China many lakes, more than 2,000 natural lakes, the major freshwater lakes are: the Poyang Lake in Jiangxi, Hunan's Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province and Lake, Chaohu Lake in Anhui. located in the Qinghai Lake Qinghai is the largest lakes, is also the largest saltwater lake. located in the Nam Co, central Tibet, the second largest saltwater lake in China, but also the highest lake in China. ocean use 1. neighboring mainland China Ocean
the Bohai sea, the Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea, as well as the Pacific Ocean east of Taiwan. Among them, the Bohai Sea is China's inland sea. 2. rich marine resources of the continental shelf: also known as extension of the shallow zone. shallow continental shelf is the most fertile part of the marine resources, rich in oil, coal, iron and other mineral resources, marine resources is extremely rich place. a lot of offshore fishing grounds. the East China Sea known as the known positions of natural fish. Zhoushan fishing ground is a national large fishing grounds, fishing grounds north of the Bohai Gulf is known for its rich shrimp. China's salt production ranks first in the world. Changlu salt are the main salt, sea salt field in Yingge, bag salt. seabed oil resources: minerals of the ocean resources are abundant, oil, natural gas is an important marine minerals. reserves the East China Sea continental shelf of the best, followed by the South China Sea and Bohai Sea. Transport and tourism 1. the main railway lines in China are now the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities have a railway. North-South Link are: a Guangzhou Beijing-Harbin / Beijing-Shanghai line, a willow branch line of coke, Po into a Chengdu-Kunming line, the Beijing-Kowloon line. west trunk line with a Beijing-Baotou Beijing-Qinhuangdao line of a Beijing-Lanzhou, Lanzhou Longhai a line, a Shanghai-Hangzhou ZheGan Hunan and Guizhou Guiyang-Kunming line one, under construction in the Southern Xinjiang Railway will Longhai - Blue Line was extended to the new city of Hotan in southern Xinjiang. 2. major ocean routes and ports in more than 100 tons of deep-water berths. the north of Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Qingdao, Yantai, Lianyungang. south in Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Xiamen. Hong Kong is world-famous harbor of Keelung and Kaohsiung in Taiwan Province are China's major ports. 3. the main route of the Yangtze river routes, the Pearl River route, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal route, the Songhua River routes. 4. major airline has flights to major cities in the country, the air can be gateway to Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, many countries important city. 5. the main line of the county-level regional roads have all been through the car. expressway has been built which are: Beijing-Tianjin Tang put a line, a Shenzhen, Guangzhou line, Shenyang, Dalian line, Fuzhou, Xiamen, one line A line of Shanghai, Nanjing, Chengdu, Chongqing, line one, Jinan, Qingdao lines for a 6.. the main pipeline transportation Pipeline transportation is mainly used to transport oil and natural gas. have been built and are building the main pipeline transportation lines are: Daqing - Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Dalian, one of a Beijing, Renqiu one in Beijing, Qingdao Shengli oil field, length of 400 km. from Shaanxi to Beijing and from Xinjiang to Shanghai gas pipeline also is stepping up its construction. China's major tourist resources 1. natural beauty of our country natural tourism resources, famous Silk Market, the most important landscapes. such as the famous five mountains (Dongyue Taishan, Huashan Mountain, Hengshan mountain, Hengshan, Songshan Zhongyue), four major Buddhist mountains (Mountain, Jiuhuashan, Putuo Mountain, Emei Mountain), and Wonderful scenery of Huangshan, Lushan, Stone, etc.; Guilin, Yangtze River Three Gorges; beautiful West Lake in Hangzhou, Wuxi Taihu Lake scenery, the ends of the earth Sanya, Hainan, Yunnan, Dali, Lijiang, Xishuangbanna and Taiwan, Sun Moon lake, are famous tourist destination 2.. Cultural Tourism Landscape (1) treasures of ancient culture and the arts: There are eight ancient city (Xian, Luoyang, Anyang, Nanjing, Kaifeng, Hangzhou, Beijing,
air force one low nike, Zhengzhou), dozens of historical and cultural city; the Great Wall. Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal; Beijing The National Palace Museum and the Royal Mausoleum, Xi'an, Terracotta Warriors, the Ming Dynasty Tombs in Nanjing, Sun Yat-sen, Suzhou garden architecture, the Chengde Summer Resort, Luoyang, Longmen Grottoes, Dunhuang murals, etc., are world famous. (2) to commemorate the revolution : famous commemorate the revolution has Yan'an, Zunyi, Jinggangshan and so on. (3) ethnic customs and local customs: My different nationalities, different regions, formed a different style, their own distinctive customs and folk festival atmosphere. If the Han Chinese New Year, Lantern Festival and Dragon Boat Festival, the Dai Water Festival, the Festival is the Mongolian, Yi's Torch Festival and so on. In addition, our well-known modern engineering and architecture, colorful local specialty products, industrial products, the magic of Chinese medicine and good health, world famous Chinese dishes, Chinese and foreign tourists have attracted great Northeast 1. Location Northeast, including Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning provinces, located in China's northeastern border with North Korea and Russia, most in north temperate Central. 2. topography and climate around the mountains and water, vast plains topography. climatic characteristics are: long, cold winter, short summer, and warm. winter, large areas of snow and permafrost changes in the distribution of water throughout the year, ensure better soil moisture is conducive to agricultural production. but the heat conditions of inadequate early frost chilling impact on agricultural crops. 3. an important production base of agriculture and forestry the main food crops are corn, spring, winter wheat, grains, wheat production ranks first in the country bit. the major economic crops: soybean, sugar beet, flax, sugar beet production in Northeast for more than half the country's total. Liaodong Peninsula is famous for apples origin. shelterbelts in western Northeast China Plain is China's largest shelterbelt, as long as 800 km, known as the Forest produced mink, deer horn, ginseng Su said Northeast 4. Rich in oil, coal and iron resources in Northeast China is the largest oil-producing region. There are major oil fields in Daqing, Jilin, Liaohe River. Daqing Oilfield is China's largest crude oil supplier. Fushun Coal Mine has a large well-known, Jixi, Hegang. Nationally known Anshan Iron and Benxi, Liaoning. 5. Heavy industry-based industrial system has formed in Northeast China iron and steel, machinery, petroleum, coal, chemical and other heavy industry-based industrial system. 6. Dense railway network with the main railway line Binzhou, Bin Sui, Harbin line. Shenyang is the largest city in Northeast China. Dalian Port is the Northeast's largest harbor. The main Songhua river in northeast route. China now has built the longest expressway from Shenyang to Dalian. Yellow River five provinces and two cities 1. Extent and location of the Yellow River region, including Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin five provinces and two cities, located in the warm temperate zone and the Central Plains hub location. 2. Plateau terrain, the terrain in this area except the main plains north and south of the Yanshan Mountains,
air force 1 shoes, Dabie Mountains, the main Loess Plateau and the Haihe Plain, Huang-Huai Plain, northwest plains of North China Plain and the hills of Shandong. Loess Plateau is the world's largest loess area. 3. Warm temperate monsoon climate and agricultural production Qinling - Huai River line is an important north-south climate demarcation line. Mostly in warm temperate zone monsoon climate, long summer and winter, spring and short. More than crops or three crops a year for two years two crops. Favorable conditions for agricultural production is adequate heat, hot and rainy summer, water and heat over the same period, crop variety; disadvantage is the lack of moisture, precipitation concentrated, easy to dry base flood disasters. Seven rainfall concentrated in summer and August, spring and early summer rainfall is often insufficient, so the drought threat to agricultural production is more widespread problem. 4. National grains, wheat, cotton producing areas in North China is a major grains, wheat, cotton, a major producing areas. Well-developed textile industry, textile industry center in Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao, Shijiazhuang, Handan, Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Xi'an, Xianyang, mainly along the Beijing-Guangzhou and the Longhai Railway line distribution. 5. Rich in coal, oil, sea salt resources Kailuan, Datong, Yangquan, Pingdingshan, West Beijing is a famous coal mines. Shanxi is China's largest coal energy base, known as Many of the Bohai Sea Salt Beach dagger, collectively Changlu salt zone, sea salt, high output, is the largest salt. 6. Beijing, Tianjin Industrial Park of the industrial area, including Beijing, Tianjin, Tangshan, Qinhuangdao, Langfang City, and is an important economic area of the Yellow River core zone is the base of the country's steel industry, petrochemical and marine chemical bases,
nike air force one, fuel and power base, machinery industrial bases, radio electronics industrial base and textile industrial base. Industries are concentrated in two cities of Beijing and Tianjin. 7. Beijing as the center of the rail transport network with Beijing as the starting point of the main Beijing-Guangzhou railway, Beijing-Shanghai line, Beijing-Baotou line, Beijing-Harbin lines. Heavy units of the first electrified railway double - Datong-Qinhuangdao line, known as the first line of the railway in China. Beijing-Kowloon line through strengthening the capital Beijing and Shenzhen, Hong Kong's contact and communication, while North-South exchange of goods, but also some of the less developed regions, especially along the old revolutionary base areas play an important role in economic development. 8. Major cities and ports in Beijing is the country's political and cultural center; integrated coastal area of Tianjin is China's industrial base; Tianjin by the Tianjin Tanggu, Newport three parts; Xi'an is a famous ancient capital; Qingdao is an important harbor; Qinhuangdao is construction and modernization of the coal export port. Six provinces and one city in Yangtze River 1. Extent and location of the area by the Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai composed of six provinces and one city, most located in the Qinling Mountains, north of the Huaihe River and south of Nanling, located in warm temperate and subtropical, east of the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea. 2. Topography and important agricultural areas in the region plains, hills and low mountains based. Low and flat, many rivers and lakes, dense river network, water and heat resources are sufficient, known as Zhoushan fishing ground is the largest fishing grounds. 3. Four seasons climate and soil of subtropical humid monsoon climate, water and heat conditions sufficient, growing season length, crop more than two crops a year, is conducive to agricultural development. But the rainfall instability; severe summer drought, affecting agriculture.
Geographical
rainy and summer drought problems: unstable plum, easy to produce drought and flood problems. Severe summer drought, drought and heavy task. Red soil of this region, iron, aluminum components more, is acidic soil, organic matter less, the quality of sticky, you need organic fertilizer, add hydrated lime to be improved. 4. Tropical forest resources and timber area is an important tropical forest areas, forest to tea, tung tree, tea and citrus-based; timber with fir, pine, bamboo-based. 5. Before the liberation of the Huaihe River Huaihe River floods frequently governance, after the liberation of the people's government built a reservoir in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River, Dabie Mountain area of Meishan Reservoir, Tongbai Mountain Reservoir, the South Bay has played a benefit. Anhui froze in the history of the famous Hangzhou Water Irrigation District is one of the Huaihe River Basin. Zhejiang has Xin'anjiang hydropower, there is extension of Hunan Hydropower Station. 6. Minerals and major industrial rivers and four Dexing, Tongling, Anhui, Hubei Daye Copper production; Jiangxi Province produced more than tungsten; Hunan tin mine production of antimony; Hunan Shuikoushan lead and zinc production. Baoshan, Wuhan, Ma On Shan is an important iron and steel base. Located in the Yangtze River, in large, Baoshan Iron and Steel Works, is China's largest iron and steel base. 7. Developed land and water transportation in this area is characterized by transport, developed water transport in a dominant position L, Nanjing, Wuhan, Yichang, Changsha, Nanchang is an important land and water transportation center. Shanghai, Lianyungang, Nantong, Ningbo, Wenzhou, several important port in this region, is the leading gateway to South China and around the world. 8. Dense urban cities in Yangtze River region is the most intensive in the world. Is the largest city, river ports and seaports, integrated industrial base. Wuhan is an important iron and steel, machinery, chemicals, textiles, food production base, has long been Nanjing is a historical city. Hangzhou is a famous tourist city. Ningbo Port Beilun Port is part of the country has now completed the first stage 10 million tons of ore transshipment terminal. The four coastal provinces and one area south of Hong Kong and Macao 1. Extent and location of the southern coastal areas, including Fujian and Taiwan, Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi fll Hong Kong and Macau, the Tropic of Cancer across the Taiwan and Guangdong, Guangxi, China's lowest latitude, the region most affected by the ocean. 2. Hilly terrain. Widespread mountain, plain small size. Lancaster in Guangxi Guangzhou Buka terrain along the mountains of Guilin Qi, Shui Sau, Shek United States, the hole different, always the 3. Climate and rivers of this area belongs to high temperature and rainfall, long summer and no winter in the tropical and subtropical monsoon climate, China's most abundant heat and water areas. South China's largest artery called the Pearl River. 4, characteristic of agricultural production and the production of important crops, the Pearl River Delta Kiev unique large-scale agriculture production. Is an important area of rice, sugar cane producing areas. China's Hainan Island and Leizhou an important base for the development of tropical crops. Tropical crops in rubber, sisal, oil palm, coconut, coffee, cocoa, pepper. Tropical fruits are: bananas, citrus, pineapple, mango, litchi, longan. 5. The forefront of opening up a Special Economic Zone area: Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen in Fujian Province and the introduction of the four special economic zones and opening up policy, the Hainan Special Economic Zone. China also Pearl River Delta, the coastal Fujian, Guangxi and other places as the coastal economic development zone. Northwest of Hainan Island in the South China Sea, is the second largest island. Is to find the country's development an important base for tropical cash crops. Hainan Island is rich in iron ore in Western, North Bay and writing songs around the sea has rich offshore oil and gas, Yingge salt field is one of the three major salt, Hainan Island is also very good conditions for tourism resources. View of the southern end of Sanya City, Hai Ting, ends of the earth, Luhuitou particularly attractive to tourists and other historical sites. 6. Taiwan's geographical location and scope of China's Taiwan province in the southeast of the sea, east Pacific, north to the East China Sea, southwest of the South China Sea, Fujian Province, west of the Taiwan Strait and the sea. The composition of Taiwan, including Taiwan Province and the nearby island of Taiwan Penghu Islands, the Diaoyu Islands, and many small islands, a total area of 36,000 square kilometers, is China's largest island. Residents of the Han, the largest minority population is the largest Gaoshan. Taiwan, an area of about two thirds of the island terrain is mountainous, mainly in the mountainous central and eastern Taiwan Island. Several parallel mountain ranges for a southwest to northeast, runs through the island from east to west mountain range in Taitung, the Central Mountain Range, Yushan Mountain Range and Ali Mountain. Yushan highest mountain, 3997 meters above sea level, is Taiwan, but also the highest peak in eastern China. Broad western plains of Taiwan Island, the alluvial Choshui Rivers. Taiwan's population, industrial and agricultural, urban, transport mainly in the western plains. Natural resources and major agricultural products, Taiwan has a subtropical and tropical monsoon climate, warm and humid, water rich in geothermal resources. Central and eastern mountains, from the foothills to the summit, the distribution of tropical, subtropical, temperate and boreal forests more than trees, is one of the important natural forest areas, known natural botanical garden in Asia. The most famous of economic forest trees, camphor production ranks first in the world. Soil fertile western plains, as the main growing areas. Agricultural products to the rice, sugar cane. Tea and fruit, banana, pineapple famous. Fish rich waters of Taiwan, the Taiwan Strait as good fishing grounds. Taiwan's underground mineral varied: mountains and more gold, copper and other metal ores; western coal, oil distribution; north area has abundant natural volcanic sulfur; West Coast beach areas; little precipitation, abundant sunshine, rich in sea salt; shallow area deposits of oil and natural gas. Taiwan's indigenous industry and tourism industry to agriculture and forestry product processing industries, such as sugar, rice, ten, camphor, the bulk export commodities of canned pineapple. 60 years after entry, foreign investment, the use of abundant labor, cheap, and shipping facilities, and other advantages, focusing on the development of export processing industries, the formation of food, petrochemical products accounted for an important position. Taiwan's beautiful scenery, there is Sun Moon Lake, Alishan resort, attracting a large number of foreign tourists. Tourism revenue to become one of Taiwan's major source of income. Major cities, Taipei: Taipei basin in the north central, the provincial politics, economy, transportation and cultural center. Kaohsiung: Taiwan Island is located southwest of the coast, is Taiwan's second largest city, an important industrial center and the largest harbor. Keelung: Taiwan is located in the northern end of the beach, is an important port and fishing in northern base. 7. Hong Kong, Macau is located east of the Pearl River estuary from Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the Is the world's major international financial centers. Macau is located west of the Pearl River estuary, including the Macao Peninsula and two nearby islands. Industrial, construction and tourism as the three pillars of Macao's economy, Hong Kong on July 1, 1997 return to the motherland and Macao on December 20, 1999 was officially returned to China. Southwest provinces and one city 1. Southwest provinces and one city location, including Sichuan, Guizhou, cloud, Chongqing, the largest ethnic minority areas in China, Yunnan is the most kinds of ethnic provinces. 2. Topography of the terrain across the country the first and second step, complex terrain, there are Mountains, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Sichuan Basin. Affected by the topography of the river, a large gap, shipping, small value, but the abundant water resources. 3. In most parts of sub-tropical climate, tropical monsoon climate, and the Indian Ocean southwest monsoon and the Pacific Southeast monsoon, water and heat conditions than superior. 4. Agricultural production in Sichuan Basin, Sichuan Basin, more fertile soil for the purple-red sandstone and shale, also known as Is an important agricultural area, rich in rice, sugarcane, rapeseed, silk, the Three provinces and one city of Chengdu Plain is the largest area of southwestern plains, is a world famous Dujiangyan irrigation works. 5. Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Hengduan known to the world by karst topography. Main rivers are the Dadu River, Abbey River, the Jinsha River. Lancang River, Nu River, a vast reservoir of water resources, water resources are most concentrated in China, the most abundant areas. The climate, vegetation, vertical zoning obvious. Xishuangbanna in southern Yunnan is located in the tropical range, is the second largest rubber plantations. 6. Rich mineral and emerging industries in the area of metal and nonmetal mines are very rich, water and forestry resources are also very rich. Liupanshui in Guizhou and Sichuan Tianfu. Panzhihua is an important coal base. Chongqing and Panzhihua Iron and Steel are the two bases. 7. Traffic face of the tremendous changes rugged terrain southwest of the three provinces and one city, sea and land transport has been more difficult. After the liberation, Chengdu, Po Cheng, Guizhou and Guangxi,
nike air force one high, Sichuan, Guizhou, Chengdu-Kunming, Nanning-Kunming, Hunan and Guizhou, Xiang Yu and other railway coming on stream, a ring railway, a part of the national railway network. The opening of the Nanning-Kunming railway leading to the southwestern region of the major coastal route. After the completion of the Three Gorges water conservancy project, southwest face of water transportation will be of great change. Chongqing is a famous mountain, has developed into the largest industrial and commercial city in Southwest China and enjoys convenient communications. Two districts in northern inland province of 1. Location, topography and climate of Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu in the northwest inland regions, mainly highland terrain, mainly in Inner Mongolia Plateau and the Loess Plateau, is the second step on the inland plateau. 2. Animal husbandry and animal husbandry in this area of irrigated agriculture accounts for an important position. Fine breeds: three hippos, Sanhe cattle, horses in Inner Mongolia, Inner Mongolia fine-wool sheep, Tan sheep in Ningxia and so on, is an important animal husbandry base. Hexi Corridor, Ningxia Plain, Loop Plain are of arid regions, irrigation is an important agricultural area. 3. Rich in minerals and Baotou Steel City in this area of coal, petroleum, nickel, rare earth, and iron ore reserves and occupies an important position in the country. Secondary to proven reserves of coal in Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, ranking the second place. Yimin River, Huolinhe, Yuanbaoshan, construction of the Junggar four surface mines is an important energy base for the Baotou Baotou coal used, the Bayan Obo iron, the Yellow River Water Development of the steel industry, known as the Baotou's rare reserves ranking first in the world. 4. Transport and major cities in the region are the main railway lines: Beijing-Baotou, Baotou-Lanzhou, Lanzhou, Lianyungang, set II, Beijing Tong, Binzhou, blue green and other lines. Lanzhou is the Northwest's most important railway transportation center, known as the Frontier ancient city of Yinchuan and Hohhot in Inner Mongolia's political, economic and cultural center, south of a monument tomb of Wang Zhaojun. (Xiv) Regional development of the main issues 1. Prevention and control of desertification in Northwest China (1) the causes of desertification: ① natural factors. In addition to the Northwest mountainous and hilly ground, the ground covered with deep loose sandy sediment, coupled with strong wind days and concentrated more, this event provided the conditions for the wind; annual precipitation is less in Northwest China, a longer duration of drought to promote the development of desertification. ② human factors. Long-term one-sided emphasis on certain areas in the Northwest, (2) prevention of desertification and its main measures: ① to establish remediation goals, and implementing the national environmental and resources law now, and seek ecological, economic and social coordination. ② different natural conditions and a variety of external force of the measures taken to local conditions. ③ establish and perfect the implementation of the system of governance. 2. Soil erosion (1) the causes of soil erosion soil erosion in the situation now is very serious in China, about 180 million square kilometers of soil erosion area. To the basin, the Yangtze River, the hills and mountains of southern China, northern Rocky Mountains have a soil erosion occurred. Soil erosion by rain, wind, topography, soil, vegetation cover and other natural factors; but human factors are the main reason for the formation of the modern water loss, which mainly refers to the destruction of vegetation, farming and mining unreasonable . (2) Integrated control of soil erosion in the ways and means of agricultural land ① compression, with emphasis on Sichuan land, plateau, slope land and terrace dam construction, fully tap water, improve land productivity, and gradually built Hanlaobaoshou, the basic high and stable yield farmland. ② expand forest, grass planting area. ③ improve the natural grassland vegetation, overgrazing of livestock where the number should be properly compressed. Rotational grazing practice round closure to protect the grasslands, in order to facilitate and Water Conservation. ④ have plans to store the table, vigorously carry out land reclamation work, avoid soil erosion caused by mineral development. 3. Cross-district allocation of resources (1) South
dry and wet conditions
① distribution of water resources in China is very uneven regional distribution of water resources. Consistent with the general trend and precipitation by decreasing the southeast coast inland to the northwest. South of the Yangtze River basin and its runoff accounts for 80% of the arable land area of less than 40% of the country, are water-rich region; the Yellow River, Huaihe River, Haihe River and the northwest inland three account for 50% of the area , arable land accounts for 45% of the population accounted for 36% total water resources is only 12% of the country, is a dry area. Northwest and North China water shortage has become a local economic development constraints. ② Sub-three-three regions will be the introduction of Yangtze River in northern regions. Transfer Project, from the Yangtze River near Yangzhou Yangtze River water by the guidelines, the use and expansion of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal and its parallel to the river, step by step to send water north to mention, by the Lake, Lake, Nansi Lake and Dongping Lake, in the Crossing the Yellow River near Weishan, after bit temporary canals, Wei Canal, South Canal gravity to Tianjin. East water transfer project designed to address the eastern part of North China Plain water shortages. Transfer water diversion project, from the north bank tributary of the anti-middle Danjiangkou Reservoir Diversion along Funiu Mountain and piedmont, the west side of Beijing-Guangzhou railway line, across the river, Huai, Yellow, Four Sea basin, artesian water to Beijing to Tianjin. Water Diversion Middle Route Project aims to solve the Beijing and Tianjin, North China Plain and along the western Hubei, Henan water shortages in some areas. West water transfer project, water diversion from the Yangtze River were the Yellow River tributaries, water diversion project at the Tongtian, Yalong, Dadu River tributaries on the dam was built library, the use of water into the Yellow River. Designed to address water diversion West Green, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi six provinces (regions) of the water shortage problem. (2) natural gas ① distribution of natural gas resources of onshore and offshore gas-rich continental shelf. Land mainly in Sichuan, Ningxia, Qaidam Basin, Tarim Basin and other regions, the overall pattern is less Western and more east, north little more south. In 1999, Sichuan, Chongqing, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Qinghai and other four-atmospheric zone of 120 billion cubic meters of annual output of ten gas, accounting for 52% of natural gas production. ② natural gas concrete measures area also includes exports to Xining, Lanzhou, Beijing, Tianjin and Hunan and Hubei. (3) west to east ① the distribution of power resources of coal resources in western China's existing reserves of the national total 6I.2%, mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Yunnan, Ningxia and other places. This is the fire in the region to develop the power industry has laid a good foundation. Hydropower resources in Western China is rich in hydropower resources can be developed for 72% of the national total. Current development level of less than 8%. Electric energy demand in eastern China, there are significant vacancies. ② Mainly concentrated in the north channel two regions of North China and Northwest. The main task is to . With the Three Gorges Project as the center of the cascade hydropower development and construction, there will be tens of thousands of kilowatts of electric power, continuously sent to the central, eastern and Fujian, Guangdong and other areas. South channels for the development of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, mainly hydropower for the development of Guizhou, thermal power is added to the electricity load centers in eastern Guangdong transmission. 4. the western development (1) the significance of the western development strategy from a general point of view, four areas of development in the long-term development of social economy The strategic position is very significant. ① western China with more than a dozen countries bordering the more than 50 ethnic minorities live, accounting for 70% minority population. Therefore, the development of relations between the western to the national social stability, national unity and border defense. ② located in the western region upstream of major rivers in China, serious soil erosion in the region, geological disasters such as desertification and soil environmental problems not only affect their economic and social development, but also on the middle and lower reaches of the eastern region a serious threat to economic and social development organizations. Therefore, revitalization of the western economy, strengthen comprehensive management of the ecological environment, economic and ecological development in the formation of a virtuous cycle of great significance. ③ western region is China's future energy, minerals and raw materials supply in reserve, its development is to achieve our strategic security needs. ④ western development is conducive to adjust our economic structure, industrial upgrading and for the eastern region of capital, technology, personnel transfer for new development space, which will help enhance the overall strength of our economy. ⑤ Western market has great potential benefit prosperity of our economy. ⑥ accelerate the development of the western frontier region and the open and conducive to further deepening of China's opening up. (2) the advantages western ① barren hills to the west and the available land resources such as natural Grassy rich grassland. ② rich reserves of mineral resources in the western region, full range, and many minerals play an important role in the country. and there are many high-grade ore concentrated, very conducive to exploration and development strategy for China's future resource replacement area. In addition, the western region or the Water concentrated in the areas of energy and resources. exploitable hydropower resources of the national total of 72%. ③ natural tourism resources in the western region is rich in quantity and wide distribution. to the end of 1997, 385 western nature reserves, accounting for the total number of of 41.58%, total area of nature reserves and national nature reserves total area of 83.15%. In addition, the western region also has abundant cultural relics and historical sites, and unique ethnic customs, unique food culture and other cultural tourism resources. @ landlocked western border areas, with 14 countries bordering the nearly 2 million km border with neighboring countries and regions, political, economic and cultural ties between a long history, economic and technical cooperation has a good foundation. the western region is important gateway for China's west development. (3) development of the west facing serious infrastructure problems ① under the foot. transportation and communications facilities is weak, a serious shortage of water conservancy facilities. ② serious deterioration of ecological environment. climatic drought, sparse vegetation, soil erosion area Canton, grassland degradation, desertification and alkalization serious river. ③ irrational industrial structure, the problem is obvious. ④ technology and educational backwardness, the lack of high-quality personnel. (4), the main measures of western development ① present, infrastructure construction should be placed the first place. The areas to focus on highway construction to enhance railway, airport, gas pipeline construction, strengthen the power grid, telecommunications, radio and television facilities and medium-sized cities, especially in the rational development of water resources and water conservation work in a prominent position. ② improve ecological protection and construction has become a fundamental task of developing the western region. to take upgrading measures and methods. first, to strengthen the position of agriculture, and optimize the structure of agriculture, increasing farmers income; second, rational exploitation and protection of resources, promote resource advantages into advantages; Third, speed up industrial restructuring, reorganization and upgrading
Linear Mode
