90 years after the surge to promote values of individualism, the argument for the name the increasing prevalence of individualism,
herve leger toronto, collectivism and the rise of individualism on the great debate. This discussion is both
thinking battle, but also the development of the theory of the 1980s social reflection, Over the past 10 years, the individualism of many, but mostly to promote collectivism and as a negative example to be critical, often pale. Therefore, just list the results of studies of individualism is not difficult. We really need to do is how to grasp the history of individualism context, understanding the underlying nature, reveal its inner contradictions and look forward to its future development. This study can also be said to be 90 years of social development theory in general and summary.
a study of individualism is essentially
Times the development of a theoretical response.
Reform and opening up,
diesel store paris, people's social
relations has changed dramatically, diversity and individual interests, leading to personal self-independence,
economy individual , the main body of the spirit. This is individualism in China to be assertive basis in reality.
Western the influx of personal ideologies, but also provides a theoretical basis for its spread. Of course, it also has private ownership in China's foundation. In Confucianism, the individual is insignificant.
Traditional home is cultural starting point, the individual is
family a member. Deduced from the home and abroad, the country is the home of amplification, the individual is a role in the country. Theoretical tradition of the individual is gray. But China also has the seeds of personal ideology. ② We can not play with the operation of ideology and culture to replace the true history of the development of deep underground is a huge undercurrent of yearning and pursuit of individual development, the basic spirit of individualism. This marketplace
novel , folk
Art in the performance of the most obvious. Some people think that ③ This is only confined to the Confucian tradition. Some also argue that China's self-interest,
air jordan high heels, rather than individualism, but in fact the two are interlinked in the basic spirit.
This study is individualism in contemporary flat start. Individualism is a real So, looking back at the history of its development in the West, Chinese society today will help to examine, reflect on the past 10 years individualism research. Western culture to the individual as the center is generated by the deep roots of individualism. Although the Middle Ages people who have become slaves of God, but to
art Renaissance, the development of the spirit of humanism lay the ideological foundation of individualism. Individualism is the vocabulary of the 19th century, the French Revolution, the product of the Enlightenment reactionary. The first
system use individualism is the 1820s advocates of Saint-Simon. To Tocqueville, individualism is considered
democracy the inevitable outcome. Durkheim most typical expression of the meaning of individualism: the individual in society,
politics ,
moral on the helpless, and the rules of social alienation and social goals, social cohesion is weakened or even collapse. Unlike France, Germany, individualism inherited romanticism In
UK , individualism, although there are more complex meaning, but mainly refers to
free doctrine of economic principles, emphasizing the principle of competition and less government intervention in the economy. Personal struggle and self-realization is characterized by individualism as
United States nation the spirit of the important content.
Steven Lukes summarizes the content of the theory of individualism and the basic spirit: human dignity, and supremacy of a single person has intrinsic value or dignity; autonomy, personal thoughts and actions of his own , not as free from his control or because of external forces about; privacy of individuals should not be interference of others, and think he can do any of the favorite things - according to his own way to pursue his own interests; self-development, everyone should express themselves in different ways on the unique quality of personality and individuality; abstract individuals, individuals with talent or previous set of interests, aspirations, goals and needs, which is the basic connotation of individualism . It includes the extension of political individualism and economic individualism,
religion individualism,
Ethics individualism, epistemological individualism, methodological individualism and so on. Individualism is the core of ontological individualism, that society is a simple collection of individual, personal first in society is the origin, social and
country is a personal protection order own the rights and interests of human body composition, in addition to personal purposes, without any other community and national purpose. Associated with them, epistemological individualism emphasizes understanding of the personal characteristics, deny objective truth, adhere to empiricism, typical of those who become skepticism. Individualism is the most important thing is ethical individualism, which denies moral absolutes, emphasizing the moral nature is personal, good and evil is purely subjective intent of the product of individual choices and judgments. Political individualism, including: the principle of the supremacy of individual rights, the Government's aim is to protect the rights of individuals to achieve personal interests, the government must be established based on members of society agree that government authority derives its legitimacy from the consent of citizens, that the principles of democracy. Economic individualism is the core emphasis on individual economic interests to seek their own legitimacy, emphasizing the individual market through competition and to achieve personal economic interests, less emphasis on government intervention in the economy. ④ course, vulgar individualism expressed as egoism, individualism and extreme is anarchy. Negative social individualism and unique functions of the organic integrity has led to social anarchy, corruption and personal and social rules, contrary to undermine social solidarity, against public morality, personal helpless and so harmful. Only a complete and accurate
geography understand the individualism, can
Science understanding of its nature, reveal its contradictions, to grasp its trend.
two
the development of Western culture of individualism is a main line. Empirical philosophy of individualism, the emergence and development of the philosophical and epistemological foundation. Most of that emotional experience is an individualist understanding of the source, recognizing the relative nature of knowledge, deny the absolute nature of knowledge, emphasizing the emotional experience of authenticity and uniqueness, deny the universal applicability of the rational. In Western culture as a subject who is basically being treated as individuals exist, that individual has an independent personality, which is a subject of metaphysical thinking
mode . This feature outstanding performance and for individual-based individualism are all moral values as the basis and starting point, utilitarianism and deontology can not exceed this range. ⑤ individualistic performance, not only in this, it runs through the political
Economics of: Everyone is seeking their own best interests, through free competition, to public interest and social progress. Individualism, liberalism and conservatism is one of the core. The main thrust of the liberal individual freedom, personal independence of economic activity, less state intervention in the economy and so on. In the West, liberalism and conservatism is the same,
######## oakley sunglasses, the meaning of conservatism that is a conservative free, the same does not go beyond individualism. From the performance point of view, other than the Renaissance, the modern Western self since
philosopher very few people directly to the individual nature of his philosophy as a principle, but their nature,
replica oakley sunglasses, What we see is a clear clue to the individual nature of philosophical principles. ⑥ The principle of individuality is the core of the theory of individualism. Thus, individualism through philosophy,
Ethics , economics, political science being as conscious capitalism form the core of deeply rooted in capitalism production being.
capitalism is human development to the At this point, Under the impact of the disintegration of people to become independent and free Of course, the On the other hand, the market economy in order to complete things and the free flow of people, characterized by equal exchange, people began to realize their own independence, economic and spiritual body of the individual, personal self-development to obtain the objective conditions of society's . At this point people are faced with a materialized society, , irrelevant things, expressed as a material. In the exchange value, people's social relations into objects of social relations; human capacity into the material capacity. The adversarial relationship between people showed absolutely independent state: the individual helpless individuals close, personal loneliness, personal degradation, a common social phenomenon, which is produced by the reality of Western individualism based .
Publicity and criticism of individualism - individualism of the nineties Review
individualism of publicity and criticism - A Review of individualism nineties
Haoqing Jie Hao Qingjie
Nanjing University Philosophy University, Nanjing 210093
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