butterfly effect, the phenomenon of frogs, crocodiles rule, catfish effect, herding, hedgehog rules, watch law, broken windows methodology, twenty-eight statute, barrel theory , Matthew, which is something you understand?
1, the butterfly effect: the 1970s, one American meteorologist named Lorenz system theory in the interpretation of climate, said the Amazon rain woods a butterfly wings occasionally vibration, perhaps two weeks would be caused by a hurricane in Texas.
butterfly effect is that very small changes in initial conditions continue to distend after its hereafter status will cause a very huge difference. Some small things can be confusing, and some small things such as amplified by the system, then an organization, a nation is very important, can not be disturbed.
2, frog phenomenon: a frog into hot water directly into the pot, because of its disadvantageous reactions are very acute surroundings, will fast bound out the kettle outdoor. If you put a frog into a pot of cold water and slowly heated, the frog will not swiftly bound out the pot, the water temperature gradually additional the final result is to be boiled frog is dead, because the water temperature so lofty that the frog can not stand, it has too late, or that there is no competence to bound out the pot appearance.
frog phenomenon tells us that a digit of mutation events, they often reason people to cautious, and disposed to cause people to necrosis but it is in the feel-good circumstance, the gradual deterioration of the substantial situation, there is no remove revelation.
3, crocodiles rule: its intent is to suppose that a crocodile bite your feet if you hand to try to break your foot, crocodile will bite your feet and hands. The more you struggle, it was the more bite. In the event that crocodile bite your feet, your only way is to mash one foot.
example, in the stock mall, crocodiles rule is: when you detect yourself trading a departure from the intention of the mart, must stop immediately, without whichever delay, shall not have any fortune.
4, catfish effect: In the quondam, sardines, low survival rate during transmission. After it was found that, if put in a sardine in a catfish, the situation is somewhat improved, the survival rate will be greatly enhanced. This is why it?
Had catfish in to a strange environment, will be small fish found in more than a This problem is solved oxygen sardines, and sardines, will not die.
5, herding: sheep where to go, where to go behind the sheep to emulate.
herding was first equity investment in a term mainly refers to the subsistence of investors in the transaction process of learning and imitation phenomenon, the same stock.
6, hedgehogs rule: two somnolent hedgehog, as cold and owned attach. Because their body can have long thorns, so they left some distance, but can not stand the cold, then get together. After a array of two hedgehog finally found a appropriate distance: both get each other's warm and will not be fastening.
hedgehog law primarily refers to interpersonal relationships in the
7, see Law: Law is a watch with a chart, you can know it is a few minutes, and when he has two not being proficient to make sure. Two tables and can not narrate a extra accurate period, so they will watch the people lose trust in accurate time.
watch law in business management gives us a very intuitive inspiration, is the same person or an union can not use two differ methods,
Nike Shox Turbo, can not set two alter goals, and even each individual can not two people to simultaneously directive, or will the business or personal loss.
8, broken skylights theory: a house if the skylights broke, not an to fix, soon separated, other windows will be broken somehow; a wall, if some of the graffiti has not been cleansed, Soon, the walls covered with a mess, unsightly thing; a very clean place, people are ashamed to taking out the trash, but once on the ground with garbage appears, people will not hesitate to throw, did not feel ashamed .
9, twenty-eight law (Pareto's law): the late 19th early 20th centenary Italian economist Pareto that in any group of things, the most important and only a small part, about 20%, Although a heap of the remaining 80%, but it is secondary. About 80% of social wealth is concentrated in the hands of 20%, while 80% of people with only 20% of the social wealth. This statistical imbalance in the social, economy and life everywhere, this is the Pareto rule.
Pareto rule tells us, do not average to analyze, process and look at the issues, business and treatment to seize the crucial few; to find out who can provide 80% of the profits, but only 20% of the total key customers to improve services to achieve a multiplier effect; business governors to work seriously on the category thinking, are the principal vigor to solve the chief problem, focus on important projects.
10, barrel theory: the combination of the board if the barrel length of lacking, then the tub involving water is not dependent on the longest piece of wood, but on the shortest piece of wood .
11, Matthew:
sociologists derive from the
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1, the logic
bird cage hanging bird cage in a beauteous room, the most famous place,
Nike Shox Butikk, had not a few days, the landlord will make one of the retinue two options: throw away the cage, or buy a bird cage on the back. This is the logic cage. The process is easy, imagine you are the landlord of the room, at a time people entered the room and saw the cage, it will not help but ask you: keep off birds. Cage plausible reason is simple: most of the time is to take the inertia of cerebral. So seen in the life and work develop logical cerebral is very important.
2, broken window effect
psychology research on a phenomenon called the will somehow be broken; a walls, if only cleansed some graffiti, and soon, the walls covered with a muff, unsightly things. A very neat location, people will be mortified catching out the trash, merely once on the ground with garbage appears, people will not hesitate, did not feel humiliated. This is really a very strange phenomenon.
psychologists study is the bad in the end.
everything bad, if not stop off at the starting, the formation of culture, change can get rid, if the rill bank, a small breach is not timely repair, dams can breakdown, causing the loss of millions of times.
crime is actually the outcome of muddle, the New York City in the 1980s when the rush is really everywhere, each daytime do not kill, walking in the street in spacious sunshine to be terrified of. Mention the metro, motorcar filthy, nasty words plastered everywhere, sitting on the metro, feel insecure. Although I have not been looted, but the instructors have been in spacious sunshine, struck a memorandum Sap, blind, from the end of his research vocation, so I talk about Tiger color for many years, not solo to New York. New York city and the metropolis recently raised a lot of glory,
Nike Shox Nettbutikk, I am quite startled that a city has been sinking, can escape from the die, to amend.
So when I went out to meet, met a criminologist, immediately to him for advice, the aboriginal New York City is the final paperback with a broken window effect in terms of the theory, premier to improve the criminal environment in which it is not easy crime, and then slowly Hyde Budao return to order. Although this reach was
been branded as slow, handcuffed in a row standing on the platform, open to the public declaration of the government's resolve to rectify, and found very forcible.
police found that people really do not liken the situation in a clean crime, also found that grasping Riders awarding, because each of those seven had a fee evasion was ambitioned, twenty names have a carry weapons,
Nike Shox, so Police are willing to grasp evasion very seriously, which makes murderers not fare evasion, did not dare go out with weapons to avoid more injury than good, runs the risk. This New York City, from the smallest, easiest place to begin, destroying the crime ring coalition (shackle), so this vicious wheel can not continue
3, diffusion of duty effect
1964 年 3 月 13 日夜 3 时 20 分, outside an dormitory in New York before a man named Juno younger than pearly women between the end of the bar on the way home from work manslaughter. When she cried in despair: When anything is tranquility, the killer returned to crime. When she wailed, the handy dwellers and opened the lights, the attackers then fled. When she has nothing to do, go back to their family upstairs, the killer once again in front of her, kill her on the stairs. In the process, even although she shouted for help, her neighbors, at fewest 38 to the window to watch, but no one to liberate her, no one even called the police. This caused a stir in New York society, but also fascinated the attention of social psychologists and thinking. It is considered a massive number of bystanders neglecting the phenomenon known as diffusion of responsibility effect.
for the diffusion of responsibility effect the formation of the reasons a lot of experimental psychologists and survey results found that: this phenomenon can not fair say everyone's stony, or moral decay of the performance increased. Because on different occasions, deeds of assistance that people really are different. When a person in an emergency situation, if not he can provide help, he would apparently conscious of their responsibilities, assistance to the sufferers. If he refused to generate sensibilities of guilt, feelings of guilt, which requires paying a high psychological cost. If the presence of so many people, the responsibility for questing help from the people to share, resulting in fragmentation of responsibility, the responsibility of each person to share very few beholders and even that may not even his own sense of a responsibility not to produce an How to break this situation, this is a psychologist working on an important issue.
4, Parkinson's Law
well-known British historian North Goode Parkinson through long-term research, write a book called In his book, agent personnel explained the reasons for and consequences of inflation: an incompetent official, may be three ways, first is the applying for resignation, the seat give competent people; second is to grant a competent person to assist their go; third rendezvous of two levels lower than they were when the acolyte. This first path is indeed Zou Bude, because that would lose many rights; second way can not go, because that would be able of their competitors; seems that only a third way most proper. As a result, two ordinary assistant sharing his work, he is high above orders, they will not posture a threat to their rights. Since the inability of two assistants, they are profession the shots, then two more for his inability to find an assistant. So on, to fashion a bloated, overstaffed, wrangling with each other, inefficient presidency system.
5, the halo effect
famous Russian scholastic gigantic Pushkin Zengyin character halo effect suffered a great deal. He was fanatically in love with is called the Natan Li looks unbelievable, but with different outlet sub-Puhi Kim Ji. When the time to write poetry Pushkin peruse to her time. She forever said, clutching his ears: duel death, so a literary star fall headlong. In Pushkin, a beautiful female is bound to have great knowledge and noble character, although, is not the case, a phenomenon known as the halo effect.
so-called halo effect, that is, interpersonal communication, people who display the specifics of a particular appearance, cover the other features, resulting in interpersonal cognitive disorders. In annual life, For example, some older people to young people's individual failings, or clothe, habits and grudge, they consider they have to have agreeable because nothing; some juvenile people a entity almost the admiration of friends, you ambition discern him everywhere cute, so-called The halo effect is a sweeping subjective psychological presumption, the error is: First, it is simple to clutch the individual characteristics and habits of individual move and common, as Mangrenmoxiang as a point on benefit of the face; second It is not intrinsically interlocked to some identity or physical characteristics related with,
Nike Shox TL1, the assertion that such features are jump to have other characteristics; Third, it definitely said yes to entire, that bad on all the negative, which is a perfect domination by the tendency of subjective bias. In short, the halo effect is the interpersonal relationships in a great psychological shock on people with cognitive impairment, we have contacts to attempt to avoid and conquer the side effects of the halo effect.
6, Hawthorne effect (Hawthorne effect)
a psychological experimenter effect. 1920s and 1930s, U.S. researchers at the Chicago Western Electric Company Hawthorne factory's working conditions, social factors and narrations of product efficiency experimenter effect found in experiments, said the Hawthorne effect.
first phase of the experiment in November 1924 from the beginning of the working conditions and productivity of the relationship between the test group and control group. Results regardless of increase or control illumination in the experimental group yields are ascending, and the same illumination output of the control group also increased. In appending, tests of the wages paid, the coffee break time, the length of daily and weekly number of days of work and other factors, these conditions can not see a straight impact on production efficiency. The second phase of the trial by the U.S. Mayo led Harvard professor, focuses on social factors and the relationship between production efficiency, and found that production efficiency is mainly caused by the experimenter in the morale has undergone colossal changes. Participate in the trial of the workmen were placed in special laboratory researchers led by their social conditions changed, been a matter of concern, creating a feeling of participating in the trial, that he is an important part of the company, so operators From a social point of view aspects are motivated to subserve increased production.
This effect tells us that when students or their attention or attention by the public, the study and would greatly amplify the efficiency of communication. Therefore, in our daily lives to learn to get onward with others, understand what kind of behavior is adopted by students and instructors and appreciation, and we can only live and learn and continually increase their good behavior, it may be more people's attention and appreciation, but also can make our knowledge progress, full of confidence!
7, learned helplessness learned helplessness effects of experimental
premier Ofer Kashmir and Xili Krugman base after in beast and person studies have been warmhearted argued. Simply put, many experiments show namely exercised dogs can cross the barriers or engage in other action to lest the shock the experimenter joined to it. However, whether the dogs are no expected (do not know when to come) and can not be controlled by cordless shock (such as interruption of electric shock or not does not depend ashore the dog's behavior), when the dog was a become to run electric shock, they transform was incapable to run. Moreover, the dogs also showed other defects, such as frustration and depression, reduced motivation and so on.
dog show why this situation is due early in the experiment learned a sense of helplessness. In other words, they acknowledge that no stuff what their own can not control the termination shock. In every experiment, the shock is canceled below the control of the experimenter, and the dog will recognize their inability to alteration the external control, to learn a sense of helplessness.
person who had learned helplessness, has become a deep despair and sorrow. Therefore, we ought study and life in their eyes open a little and see the real memorabilia behind the determinants do not make our own despair.
8, the witness's memory
spectator, in our comprehending of where, commonly to invest some objective testify, that namely his own witness and listen to talk out honestly what folk. However, psychological research shows that the proof of many witnesses are not very exact, or that namely a personal predilection, with private outlooks and awareness.
witness testimony of their confidence and their testimony can not determine the accuracy of the results of this study is startling. Mrs fees can be special and psychologist Howard Springs determined to make this conclusion more in-depth research. In order to investigate whether the testimony of witness something special, they will witness's memory and the memory of general knowledge were compared.
they allow to be shown a short video is about the kidnapping of a girl. The next day, to answer some of the content of the movie in answer, and queried them to tell their own level of confidence to answer, then do a recognition memory test. Next, using the same method, the content of renowned literature from the encyclopedia and general knowledge of selected issues.
and the same occurred before, Perot fares can be special and Howard Springs also found that the precision of the witness on the memories of those confident of their answers were in fact no better than those who do not have confidence greater, but For general knowledge, the situation is not the case, people with high confidence in memories of people who score better than the absence of confidence.
people in the general knowledge of the strengths and disabilities with self-knowledge. Therefore, tend to adjust their test results for the confidence scale. General knowledge is a database, is shared between individuals, it has recognized the correct response, subjects can weigh themselves. For instance, people will know the publish of if in sports or almost better than others. However, the accident witnessed the impact from such self-knowledge. For sample, on the whole,
Billige Nike Shox, than others, they are unthreaten to know the participants in the memory of the episode in hair color better or aggravate.
9, Rosenthal Rosenthal effect
American psychologist, who in 1968 conducted a famous experiment. Them to a primary co-optation in the 3 sixth grade classes of babies making a fuss of the In truth, this menu is not decisive along to test results, but randomly elected. It is based on Eight months later, intelligence tests and found anew on the account of the general promotion in student completion, teachers also gave them good moral conduct reviews. This experiment has achieved miraculous results, it is thought by teachers to students the subtle psychological effects, so that teachers expect students to achieve the progress of the phenomenon, known as the Pygmalion (Pygmalion was the throne of Cyprus in Greek mythology, he produced the sculpture of a girl love for his ultimate appetite to make this statue into a real person, the two care for).
educational practice also shows that: if a teacher like some of the students, they will have high expectations, behind a duration of time, students feel the teachers care, love and encouragement; often a affirmative attitude towards teachers, towards learning and towards their operations, students become more self-esteem, confidence, self-love, self-induce a affirmative enthusiasm, these students often expect teachers to acquire progress. In contrast, teachers who are ignored, distinguished against students from the teacher's lecture over time, behavior, facial expressions feel the teacher's requirements; these students often worse day by day, and finally become the bad factors of society. Despite some exceptions, but the trend is that, while it also sounded the panic for teachers.
10, artificial share discrepancy (false accordance discrimination)
we usually believe that our love is the same with most people. If you favor to melodrama microcomputer games, then it is likely to overestimate the number of people favor microprocessor games. You will usually overestimate the students to poll for their preference numbers, overestimate their own group's reputation and leadership, and so on. This overestimation of your behaviors and attitudes have the same preference number of features is called the Some factors that may influence your share of this false bias strength:
(1) When an external attribution was stronger than inner attribution;
(2) present behavior or events when a person is very major;
(3) When you are very sure of their point of view, or trust that when;
(4) When your status or some kind of customary life and learning are intimidated;
(5) When it comes to a positive the quality or individuality;
(6) When you and other people as when they are alike.
Management students have to know the knowledge
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